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AI boom

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American news magazine Time cover featuring a ChatGPT conversation; mechanical dove image created in Midjourney
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
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Glossary

An AI boom[1][2] is a period of rapid growth in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The current boom is an ongoing period that originally started from 2010 to 2016,[3] but saw increased acceleration in the 2020s. Examples include generative AI technologies, such as large language models and AI image generators by companies like OpenAI, as well as scientific advances, such as protein folding prediction led by Google DeepMind. This period is sometimes referred to as an AI spring, to contrast it with previous AI winters.[4][5] As of 2025, ChatGPT is the 4th most visited website globally behind Google, YouTube and Facebook.[6][7]

History

[edit]
For broader coverage of this topic, see History of artificial intelligence.
The number of Google searches for the term "AI" accelerated in 2022.

In 1950, Alan Turing proposed the idea of "Thinking Machines". These were computers that would be able to reason at the same level as humans.[8] He began his well-known "Turing Test", where an interrogator is provided with 2 materials and they must determine which one was done by artificial intelligence and which one was done by a human being. [8][9] In 1956, John McCarthy used the term "artificial intelligence" for the first time, eventually being labeled as the father of artificial intelligence.[8][10]

In 1956, the Dartmouth conference was held, organized by John McCarthy, Nathaniel Rochester, Marvin Minsky, and Claude Shannon.[11] This conference is considered the birthplace of artificial intelligence as a field of study, as a workshop was held for 2 months. During this workshop, top researchers explored the concept of creating machines that could mimic the same intelligence as human beings.[11][12]

John McCarthy

In 1958, John McCarthy created the programming language LISP.[13] LISP stands for "List Processing" and works as the main programming language for artificial intelligence. [14] The programming language gained traction at MIT, being used for many of their projects that dealt with AI, such as the IBM 704. While many languages rose and fell, LISP remains the most common programming language for artificial intelligence in the United States.[15] LISP became so reliable due to how artificial intelligence works. Many times, artificial intelligence has lists that constantly change size, making other methods, such as vectors, unusable due to being a fixed-length data structure.[15]

In 1962, in order to continue research on artificial intelligence, John McCarthy founded Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL).[16] SAIL became an important hub for AI research, helping contribute many advancements in the field. Some of these advancements include robotics, medical diagnostics, natural language processing, autonomous vehicles, and more.[16] John McCarthy was also a Co-founder of MIT's first Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, now known as MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[17]

In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA[18]. ELIZA was designed to be an emotional tool, being considered a "Rogerian psychotherapist". [18] This was done by making it seem like the chatbot reflected on the user's input, turning questions back to the user. ELIZA is known as the first artificial intelligence chatbot. ELIZA uses strategies such as pattern matching and substitution in order to provide outputs that make users believe they are talking to a real person. Wizenbaum's ELIZA was a huge advancement for regular use AI, acting as a building block for future chatbots such as OpenAI's ChatGPT or Google's Gemini.

Artificial intelligence began being added to new devices. A popular implementation of artificial intelligence would be AI assistants. In 2011, Apple released the iPhone 4S. This new smartphone would include a new AI assistant named Siri.[19] In 2007, Siri was developed by Dag Kittlaus, Adam Cheyer, and Tom Gruber.[20] Originally owning their own company, Siri Inc., Apple saw the potential in the assistant and chose to integrate it into their new iOS.[20] Siri was revolutionary, acting as the first mainstream smartphone AI assistant. Navigating or setting tasks became way simpler, only needing to use your voice for a hands-free approach to interacting with your smartphone.[19] After the success of Siri, companies like Google and Amazon took inspiration to create their own AI assistants. In 2014, Amazon released its AI assistant Alexa with their new Echo smart speaker. Alexa allows users to interact with the AI assistant without needing a smartphone, running off a speaker.[21] In 2016, Google released its Google Assistant, having the same functions as Amazon's Alexa.[21]

ChatGPT is an AI chatbot created by OpenAI. OpenAI developed ChatGPT to increase productivity and boost efficiency,[22] growing to over 100 million users in only 2 months.[23] This marks ChatGPT as one of the fastest-growing software applications, becoming a household name in homes and schools.[24] As of 2025, ChatGPT remains the 4th most visited website, behind sites such as Google and Facebook.[25] Other chatbots such as Gemini, Claude, and Copilot fall under the same category, known as large language models (LLMs).[26] Large language models are designed to be capable of generating and understanding human language as well as being able to conduct a wide range of tasks.[27] They do this by feeding the models an immense amount of data in order to execute accurate responses.[27] Present day chatbots have the power of generative AI, including AI image generation. Half of Americans use LLMs.[26]

Advances

[edit]
See also: Progress in artificial intelligence

Biomedical

[edit]

In 2020, DeepMind's AlphaFold program, which is designed to predict protein folding, scored more than 90 in CASP's Global distance test (GDT).[28][29] The structural biologist and Nobel Prize winner Venki Ramakrishnan called the result "a stunning advance on the protein folding problem".[28] The ability to predict protein structures accurately based on the constituent amino acid sequence may accelerate drug discovery and enable a better understanding of diseases.[29][30][31]

Images and videos

[edit]
An image generated by Stable Diffusion based on the text prompt "a photograph of an astronaut riding a horse"

As time passes, the power of generative AI continues to grow stronger. In 2015, initial popularity began to grow with the release of Google's DeepDream. DeepDream is a generative AI that takes inputs from a previous image and morphs them to produce hallucinogenic images.[32]

In January of 2021, OpenAI released DALL-E, allowing for image generation through text prompts.[33] This allows users to generate any image with a simple prompt. Soon after, other powerful models followed DALL-E, such as Google's Gemini.[34]

The popularity of text-to-video generative AI tools grew exponentially. With the release of models such as OpenAI's Sora in 2024, the use of text-to-video tools became normalized, as people utilized them for advertisements, which saves on production costs and increases production speed.[35][36]

Generative AI is growing at a rapid rate, outpacing modern-day detection tools.[37] With the common public having access to these tools, it raises concerns about the ethical use of generative AI. There have been multiple occasions where misinformation has been spread over the internet about politics due to a generated or deep-faked video, posing as a security threat.[38][39]

Language

[edit]

GPT-3 is a large language model that was released in 2020 by OpenAI and is capable of generating human-like text.[40][41] A new version called GPT-4 was released on March 14, 2023, and was used in the Microsoft Bing search engine.[42][43] Other language models have been released, such as PaLM and Gemini by Google[44] and LLaMA by Meta Platforms.

Music and voice

[edit]

In 2016, Google's DeepMind produced WaveNet. WaveNet allowed the generation of raw audio of speech and piano.[45] WaveNet is able to generate different voices by identifying the speakers[45]. This acted as a fundamental building block for future models, allowing audio to be formed from scratch. This wouldn't only help with the production of music, but voice generation as well.[46]

Following in the footsteps of WaveNet, OpenAI released Jukebox, the first large-scale model to generate songs. Jukebox allowed for raw audio in different genres and styles, showing that AI had the power to generate complex audio.[47] Google published MusicLM, allowing users to generate raw audio through text prompts.[48] The model can also create full songs with only a hummed melody and text.[48] This marked a leap as music generation tools became more accessible to the public.

In March of 2020, 15.ai was founded. 15.ai allowed for voice imitation, playing a major role in the AI boom. With only a short amount of training, it was able to generate acceptable voices and became mainstream as people used it for their favorite fictional characters.[49]

Artificially generated vocals were able to be generated with tools such as ElevenLabs. ElevenLabs allows for the creation of vocals with any public audio.[50] This allows for any celebrity or politician who has voice clips on the internet to be subject to voice imitation, as songs from artists that never existed began being produced. This also led to deep-faking the voices of politicians, as Joe Biden received attention for a fake robocall that voters received.[51]

Impact

[edit]

Energy

[edit]

Electricity consumed by hardware used for AI has increased demands on power grids, which has led to prolonged use of fossil fuel power plants which would otherwise have been deactivated.[52][53][54]

Microsoft, Google, and Amazon have all invested in existing or proposed nuclear power plants to meet these demands.[55][56] In September 2024, Microsoft signed a deal with Constellation Energy to purchase power from a reactor at Three Mile Island which had been shut down in 2019. The reactor is set to reopen in 2028 to provide power to Microsoft's data centers. The reactor is next to the unit which caused the worst nuclear power accident in US history in 1979.[57][58][59]

Cultural

[edit]

While artificial intelligence rises, people become split about their opinions on AI. Some people stand for AI as it becomes more normalized in society, while others stand against AI as it raises many concerns for the public. Many Americans believe that AI would help with data analysis, medicine development, and weather forecasting.[60] It's also shown that people show acceptance towards AI if they are aware of the AI being controlled correctly.[61] Many people believe the opposite, believing that AI will be the demise of humans. A major point that they believe is that AI will weaken human creativity and limit human relations.[60] This would be due to humans' reliance on artificial intelligence in order to communicate with people. The issue about artificial intelligence replacing people's jobs is another strong point that gets brought up, as many people in the tech industry would be replaced by an AI.[62]

Business and economy

[edit]
In 2024, AI patents in China and the U.S. numbered more than three-fourths of AI patents worldwide.[63] Though China had more AI patents, the U.S. had 35% more patents per AI patent-applicant company than China.[63]

Some economists have been optimistic about the potential of the current wave of AI to boost productivity and economic growth. Notably, Stanford University economist Erik Brynjolfsson, in a series of articles has argued for an "AI-powered Productivity Boom"[64] and a "Coming Productivity Boom".[65] At the same time, others like Northwestern University economist Robert Gordon remain more pessimistic.[66] Brynjolfsson and Gordon have made a formal bet, registered at long bets, about the rate of productivity growth in the 2020s, to be resolved at the end of the decade.[67]

Big Tech companies view the AI boom as both opportunity and threat; Alphabet's Google, for example, realized that ChatGPT could be an innovator's dilemma-like replacement for Google Search. The company merged DeepMind and Google Brain, a rival internal unit, to accelerate its AI research.[68]

The market capitalization of Nvidia, whose GPUs are in high demand to train and use generative AI models, rose to over US$3.3 trillion, making it the world's largest company by market capitalization as of June 19, 2024[69] and became the first company to reach US$4 trillion on July 9, 2025[70] and subsequently US$5 trillion on October 29, 2025,[71] just under 112 days later.

In 2023, San Francisco's population increased for the first time in years, with the boom cited as a contributing factor.[72]

Machine learning resources, hardware or software can be bought and licensed off-the-shelf or as cloud platform services.[73] This enables wide and publicly available uses, spreading AI skills.[73] Over half of businesses consider AI to be a top organizational priority and to be the most crucial technological advancement in many decades.[74]

Across industries, generative AI tools are becoming widely available through the AI boom and are increasingly used in businesses across regions.[75] A main area of use is data analytics. Seen as an incremental change, machine learning improves industry performance.[76] Businesses report AI to be most useful in increased process efficiency, improved decision-making and strengthening of existing services and products.[77] Through adoption, AI has already positively influenced revenue generation in multiple business functions. Businesses have experienced revenue increases of up to 16%, mainly in manufacturing, risk management and research and development.[75]

AI and generative AI investments have been increasing with the boom, increasing from $18 billion in 2014 to $119 billion in 2021. Most notably, the share of generative AI investments was around 30% in 2023.[78] Further, generative AI businesses have seen considerable venture capital investments even though regulatory and economic outlooks remain in question.[79]

Tech giants capture the bulk of the monetary gains from AI and act as major suppliers to or customers of private users and other businesses.[80][81]

With the introduction of AI, there has been an exponential rise in production for businesses. It's expected that workers could use resources provided by artificial intelligence in order to boost their productivity.[82] As many small businesses don't use AI, it's believed that if it's adopted by more businesses, the whole work structure could be changed, as many tasks will be automated by AI.[83]

Although production would increase, the effects on the economy would be negative. AI would cause more inequality as it risks concentrating wealth and power, and even possibly causing a socioeconomic divide.[84] AI could also cause changes in aspects such as wages or payroll due to the fact that employers could automate jobs for less than a normal human, saving businesses money on labor costs.  

Concerns

[edit]
See also: Artificial intelligence controversies

Inaccuracy, cybersecurity and intellectual property infringement are considered to be the main risks associated with the boom, although not many actively attempt to mitigate the risk.[75] Large language models have been criticized for reproducing biases inherited from their training data, including discriminatory biases related to ethnicity or gender.[85] As a dual-use technology, AI carries risks of misuse by malicious actors.[86] As AI becomes more sophisticated, it may eventually become cheaper and more efficient than human workers, which could cause technological unemployment and a transition period of economic turmoil.[87][88] Public reaction to the AI boom has been mixed, with some hailing the new possibilities that AI creates, its sophistication and potential for benefiting humanity;[89][90] while others denounced it for threatening job security[91][92] and for giving 'uncanny' or flawed responses.[93]

Dominance by tech giants

[edit]

Commercial AI is dominated by American Big Tech companies such as Alphabet Inc., Amazon, Apple Inc., Meta Platforms, and Microsoft, whose investments in this area have surpassed those from U.S.-based venture capitalists.[94][95][96] These companies own the majority of cloud infrastructure, AI chips, and computing power from data centers.[97][98]

Intellectual property

[edit]

Tech companies such as Meta, OpenAI and Nvidia have been sued by artists, writers, journalists, and software developers for using their work to train AI models.[99][100] Early generative AI chatbots, such as the GPT-1, used the BookCorpus, and books are still the best source of training data for producing high-quality language models. ChatGPT aroused suspicion that its sources included libraries of pirated content after the chatbot produced detailed summaries of every part of Sarah Silverman's The Bedwetter and verbatim excerpts of paywalled content from The New York Times.[101][102] In protest of the UK government holding consultations on how copyrighted music can legally be used to train AI models,[103] more than a thousand British musicians released an album with no sounds, entitled Is This What We Want?[104]

Likeness and impersonation

[edit]
See also: Deepfake
A Voice of America video covering potential dangers of AI-generated impersonation, and laws passed in California to combat it

The ability to generate convincing, personalized messages as well as realistic images may facilitate large-scale misinformation, manipulation, and propaganda.[105]

On April 19, 2024, as part of an ongoing feud with fellow rapper Kendrick Lamar, the artist Drake released the diss track "Taylor Made Freestyle", which featured AI-generated vocals imitating the voices of Tupac Shakur and Snoop Dogg.[106] Shakur's estate threatened to sue over the use of Shakur's likeness,[107] saying that it constituted a violation of Shakur's personality rights.

On May 20, 2024, following the release of a demo of updates to OpenAI's ChatGPT Voice Mode feature a week earlier,[108][109] actor Scarlett Johansson issued a statement[110][111] in relation to the "Sky" voice shown in the demo, accusing OpenAI of producing it to be very similar to her own, and her portrayal of the artificial intelligence voice assistant Samantha in the film Her (2013), despite Johansson refusing an earlier offer from the company to provide her voice for the system. The agent of the unnamed voice actress who voiced Sky stated that she had recorded her lines in her natural speaking voice and that OpenAI had not mentioned the movie Her nor Johansson.[112][113]

Several incidents involving sharing of non-consensual deepfake pornography have occurred. In late January 2024, deepfake images of American musician Taylor Swift proliferated. Several experts have warned that deepfake pornography is more quickly created and disseminated, due to the relative ease of using the technology.[114] Canada introduced federal legislation targeting sharing of non-consensual sexually explicit AI-generated photos; most provinces already had such laws.[115] In the United States, the DEFIANCE Act was introduced in March 2024.[116]

Environment

[edit]
Main article: Environmental impact of artificial intelligence

A large amount of electricity is needed to power generative AI products,[117] making it more difficult for companies to achieve net zero emissions. From 2019 to 2024, Google's greenhouse gas emissions increased by 50%.[118]

Biosecurity and cybersecurity

[edit]

AI is expected by researchers of the Center for AI Safety to improve the "accessibility, success rate, scale, speed, stealth and potency of cyberattacks", potentially causing "significant geopolitical turbulence" if it reinforces attack more than defense.[86][119] Concerns have been raised about the potential capability of future AI systems to engineer particularly lethal and contagious pathogens.[120][121]

The AI boom is said to have started an arms race in which large companies are competing against each other to have the most powerful AI model on the market, with speed and profit prioritized over safety and user protection.[122][123][124]

Sentience and human extinction

[edit]
Further information: AI takeover

Coverage of advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence have coincided with discussions of digital sentience and morality,[125] such as whether AI programs should be granted rights.[126]

Industry leaders and others have signed the Statement on AI Risk, arguing that humanity might irreversibly lose control over a sufficiently advanced artificial general intelligence (AGI).[127][128]

Financial concerns and potential bubble

[edit]
Main article: AI bubble

Much of the AI boom has been funded by loans and venture capital, but many commercial AI services remain of questionable practical utility or quality for business.[129] Despite more than $60 billion in corporate investment in AI in 2025,[130] 95% of business AI projects are unprofitable, according to research from MIT.[131] Producers of generative AI, such as OpenAI, also themselves currently have costs greatly exceeding their revenue.[132] As other major tech companies such as Nvidia are both heavily invested into AI and dependent on the AI ecosystem and its hardware demands for their own ongoing growth,[129][131] this has raised speculation of a wider economic bubble in the tech industry.[133][134][135]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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Further reading

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