🇮🇷 Iran Proxy | https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conidiobolus
Jump to content

Conidiobolus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Conidiobolus
"Conidiobolus firmipilleus" on surface of agar petri dish
Conidiobolus firmipilleus on surface of agar petri dish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Entomophthoromycota
Class: Entomophthoromycetes
Order: Entomophthorales
Family: Ancylistaceae
Genus: Conidiobolus
Bref. 1884 em. Humber 1989
Type species
Conidiobolus utriculosus
Synonyms
  • Conidiobolus (Conidiobolus) Brefeld 1884
  • Conidiobolus (Capillidium) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982
  • Capillidium (Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982) Huang & Nie 2020
  • Boudierella Costantin 1897
  • Delacroixia Saccardo & Sydow 1899
  • Conidiobolus (Delacroixia) (Saccardo & Sydow 1899) Tyrrell & MacLeod 1972

Conidiobolus is a genus of fungi in the order Entomophthorales.[3] Some species were initially defined in Conidiobolus but then moved into other genera such as Capillidium and Batkoa.[4][2]

The genus name Conidiobolus was first introduced in 1884 by Brefeld and was proposed due to differences in its conidia.[5]

Members of this genus are typically saprophytic, living in the soil with vegetation and decaying organic matter. They are most commonly found in tropical regions. [6]

Some members of this genus may cause a human infection known as conidiobolomycosis; others are invertebrate pathogens. Only three species have been identified in mammalian infection: C. coronatus, C. incongruus, and C. lamprauges.[7]

Taxonomic characteristics

[edit]

In the Conidiobolus genus, at least four types of asexual conidia have been reported. Sexual structures (zygospores) have been found in most of the members in this genus, but not in C. coronatus. [7] However, while growing in water agar plates, C. coronatus develops villose conidia, a unique taxonomic characteristic used for its identification in clinical isolates. [8]

The hyphae are broad, thin walled and occasionally septate. They are best visualized with hematoxylin and eosin when viewing clinical specimens.[9]

For Conidiobolus, the best environment for germination is achieved with high humidity from 98 to 100% and temperatures between 16 and 30 °C.[7]

Medical Relevance

[edit]

Conidiobolomycosis in humans was first described in 1961 based on histopathological analysis of a facial lesion. The first well-documented case of human Conidiobolus infection was in an 11-year-old from the Grand Cayman Island. [10]

Conidiobolomycosis is most common in the rainforests of Africa, South and Central America, and Southeast Asia. There is a significant predominance of cases in males, particularly those who work and live in tropical rainforests.[9] Some isolated cases from the United Kingdom and the East coast of the United Sates have been reported.[11]

In endemic areas, basidiobolomycosis and conidiobolomycosis can most easily be distinguished from one another by the anatomic location of the infection and the age of the patient. The diagnosis is typically made by biopsy of the infected tissue. [9]

Treatment

[edit]

No single drug has been proven to be effective in treating all Conidiobolus cases, and due its rarity, no treatment regimens have been directly compared to determine the best course. Amphotericin B exhibits relatively high MICs, while itraconazole and ketoconazole have good in vitro activities.[6] In addition to antifungal therapy, surgical debridement may be necessary.

Species

[edit]

As of 2018 MycoBank included the following species of Conidiobolus:[12]

Note

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Conidiobolus". www.mycobank.org. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  2. ^ a b "Conidiobolus". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
  3. ^ "Mycology Online -- Conidiobolus". Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  4. ^ a b c Nie, Yong; Yu, De-Shui; Wang, Cheng-Fang; Liu, Xiao-Yong; Huang, Bo (2020). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Conidiobolus (Ancylistaceae, Entomophthorales): Four clades including three new genera". MycoKeys (66): 55–81. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.66.46575. PMC 7136305. PMID 32273794.
  5. ^ Palacios-Reyes, Deborah; Bonifaz, Alexandro (2020-09-01). "Conidiobolomycosis in Pediatric Patients". Current Fungal Infection Reports. 14 (3): 203–208. doi:10.1007/s12281-020-00401-7. ISSN 1936-377X.
  6. ^ a b Versalovic, James; American Society for Microbiology, eds. (2011). Manual of clinical microbiology (10th ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. ISBN 978-1-55581-463-2.
  7. ^ a b c Vilela, Raquel; Mendoza, Leonel (2018-08-29). "Human Pathogenic Entomophthorales". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 31 (4): 10.1128/cmr.00014–18. doi:10.1128/cmr.00014-18.
  8. ^ McGinnis, M. R. (1980-10-01). "Recent Taxonomic Developments and Changes in Medical Mycology". Annual Review of Microbiology. 34: 109–135. doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.34.100180.000545. ISSN 0066-4227.
  9. ^ a b c Kauffman, Carol A.; Pappas, Peter G.; Sobel, Jack D.; Dismukes, William E. (2011). Essentials of Clinical Mycology. SpringerLink Bücher (2 ed.). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4419-6639-1.
  10. ^ "A Case of Phycomycosis Observed in Jamaica; Infection with Entomophthora Coronata". www.ajtmh.org. Retrieved 2025-12-02.
  11. ^ Shaikh, N.; Hussain, K. A.; Petraitiene, R.; Schuetz, A. N.; Walsh, T. J. (2016). "Entomophthoramycosis: a neglected tropical mycosis". Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): 688–694. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2016.04.005. ISSN 1469-0691. PMID 27109491.
  12. ^ "Conidiobolus". Mycobank. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conidiobolus&oldid=1325400405"