Euroxenomys
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| Euroxenomys Temporal range: Early–Late Miocene
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| Mandible of † E. minutus (NRM-PZ M8704), Early Miocene - MN 3, Lignite mine of Povrchový lom Bílina (previously Merkur-North, Czech Republic) | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Rodentia |
| Family: | Castoridae |
| Subfamily: | †Castoroidinae |
| Tribe: | †Trogontheriini |
| Genus: | †Euroxenomys Rädulesco & Samson, 1973 |
| Type species | |
| † Euroxenomys minutus (Von Meyer, 1838)
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| Species | |
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Euroxenomys is an extinct genus of small-size beavers (Castoridae) that lived around 23 to 5 million years ago during the Miocene (Neogene, Cenozoic).[1] [2] [3] Although most specimens were identified in Central Europe, the genus was known to be widely distributed across other continents like North America and Eastern Asia.[4] [1] [5] [6] At the time, it comprised several species among which Euroxenomys minutus sp., E. inconnexus sp., E. wilsoni sp., and E. nanus sp. can be named.[5]
Discovery
[edit]Due to the lack of fossil evidence, the taxonomy of Euroxenomys remains uncertain and has long been subject to speculations. Von Meyer was the first to describe the species minutus as part of the Chalicomys genus in 1838.[3] This identification was based on the dentary structure relative to the morphology of both the lower premolar (p4) and the lower molar (m2).
A century later, Schreuder assigned the species to the Trogontherium genus (mostly known for T. cuvier, the extinct giant beaver) based on minutus enlarged M3 and premolars (P4/p4).
It is only in 1973 that Euroxenomys will get its definitive appellation from Samson and Rädulesco, while being downgraded as a subgenus of Trogontherium.[3] However, recent studies[5] [7] [6] are now leaning towards a new hypothesis placing Euroxenomys as a proper genus morphologically independent from Trogontherium.[8]
Phylogeny
[edit]Euroxenomys is part of the Castorids which appeared during the Late Oligocene as Asteneofiber.[1] This stem genus further led to another one, Steneofiber, which later became at the origin of the overall diversification of the family (e.g. Chalicomys and Trogontherium lineages).[9] [1] This radiation essentially took place during the Early Miocene and accounted for up to 30 different genera[1] with different lifestyles and behaviours.[9]
Nowadays, only one genus remains, Castor. It is divided into two subspecies: Castor fiber and C. canadensis. Extinct castorids are usually poorly represented in the fossil record as very little material (mandibular fragments and isolated teeth) has been found so far.[1] There is therefore relatively little evidence of their taxonomy and ecology.
| Semi‑aquatic beavers |
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†Castoroidinae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stratigraphic range & diversification
[edit]
Distribution area
[edit]Despite very poor evidence of Euroxenomys in the fossil record of Miocene faunas.[5] the genus has been found in various localities across Central Europe (from the Iberic peninsula to Ukraine) and North America (Montana, Colorado & Nebraska).
Some of the newest studies have also identified these small-sized beavers in Eastern Asia (Siberia, Japan), indicating a wider presence than previously expected.[5] [7] [6]
Temporal range
[edit]The very first evidence of Euroxenomys (FAD) originated back to the Early Miocene, whereas the last appearance (LAD) was dated in the Late Miocene.[5] [7] This relates to different biozones ranging from MN3 to MN13. Although information is lacking to define the precise temporal range as well as the potential demographic trends of the genus, some evidence indicates that Euroxenomys was relatively rare in the Early and early Middle Miocene (MN3 to MN5) but quickly became abundant during the Middle and the Late Miocene (MN6 to MN13).[7]
Speciation
[edit]In terms of diversity, trogontheriine beavers comprised several species which can be divided based on their spatial distribution:[5]
- † Euroxenomys minutus (European taxa)
- † Euroxenomys inconnexus (North America)
- † Euroxenomys wilsoni (North America)
- † Euroxenomys nanus (Asian species)
Description
[edit]Morphological features
[edit]
Euroxenomys was a relatively small-sized castorid probably comparable to common muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus).[6] Unlike present-time beavers, the genus lacked a wide and flattened tail while showing different long-bone proportions.[6] The dentary structure was also specific to the genus and was characterised by an enlarged upper third molar (M3), an elongated lower fourth premolar (p4), and an upper fourth premolar (P4) systematically larger than the upper molars.[6] Just like Trogontherium, Euroxenomys showed a tendency to hypsodonty, with no (or very little) crown cement, combined with the absence of striated enamel in the upper incisors.[1] Some other features like the hypostriid of the lower fourth premolar (p4) are proper to the genus, as they tend to extend down to the crown base.[3] [6] Note: It is worth mentioning that the study of Lechner (2024)[6] brought a subsequent contribution to the understanding of Euroxenomys, gathering more than 1,000 new fossil data in only one locality (Hammerschmiede site, Southern Germany).
Palaeocology
[edit]According to its morphological features as well as the fossil sites where the species was found, Euroxenomys may have had a semi-aquatic lifestyle.[8] Although many of the past studies[4] [3] [1] [2] compared the genus to modern Castoridae, the most recent study from Lechner (2024) revealed that the genus was probably more similar to extant muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus).[6] Individuals could therefore be associated with muskrat typical ecology, meaning an early sexual maturity (around 7 months) and a short lifespan (muskrats live for 3 years on average whereas castorids' life expectancy lies between 15 to 25 years).[6] Due to its small size, Euroxenomys was also more likely to be predated, unlike present-day beavers. The presence of corrosive lesions found on some specimens' long bones[6] actually indicated possible signs of predation. Note that these lesions are usually observed on prey bones in predators having an acidic digestive system, such as mammalian carnivores (e.g. red fox or mustelids) and prey birds (either diurnal or nocturnal).[10] [6]
Habitat
[edit]Overall, Euroxenomys typical palaeoenvironment would be defined by permanent and well oxygenated water bodies (e.g. ponds, seasonal streams, rivers[11] [6] alongside of clay-loam soils suitable for their burrows.[12] Wider riparian corridors associated with high depth levels would also represent important criteria to characterise their habitat.[13] It is not excluded that individuals shared a sympatric relationship with large-sized beavers as observed with modern taxa.[10] Based on the fossil evidence and the Eurasian climate during the Miocene epoch, the genus thrived in humid to warm-temperate forestry environments.[5]
Euroxenomys nanus
[edit]Description
[edit]Euroxenomys nanus is an extinct species of trogontheriine castorids (Castoroidinae, Castoridae) ranging from the Early Miocene epoch (ca. 18.5 Ma).[5] This taxon has been discovered by Mörs (2018) in Japan (Dota locality, Kani Basin) and represents a key component to understanding the genus diversification. Derived from "nanos", nanus means "dwarf" in Greek.
Taxonomy
[edit]This name is purely based on the species morphology, as E. nanus probably represents the smallest specimen ever found in the Castoridae family.[5] The classification of E. nanus was based on both its small size and its molar morphology.[5] Despite having the same molar patterns as the type species E. minutus, the two taxa differ in body sizes. The same comparison can be mentioned with the genus Eucastor and Euroxenomys wilsoni.[5]
Further reading...
[edit]References.
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Stefen, Clara (2011). "A brief overview of the evolution of European tertiary beavers" (PDF). Baltic Forestry. 17 (1): 148–153.
- ^ a b Prieto, Jérôme; Casanovas-Vilar, Isaac; Gross, Martin (2014-03-01). "Euroxenomys minutus minutus (Rodentia, Castoridae) from Gratkorn (Austria, Styria)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 94 (1): 163–170. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0148-2. ISSN 1867-1608.
- ^ a b c d e Giersch, Samuel; Munk, Wolfgang; and Ziegler, Reinhard. (2010). The first record of a beaver–Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum–in the Höwenegg fauna (Miocene, southern Germany). Palaeodiversity, 3, 235-239.
- ^ a b Mayhew, David F. (1978). Reinterpretation of the extinct beaver Trogontherium (Mammalia, Rodentia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 281(983). pp. 407–438.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mörs, Thomas; Tomida, Yukimitsu (April 2018). "Euroxenomys nanussp. nov., a Minute Beaver (Rodentia, Castoridae) from the Early Miocene of Japan". Paleontological Research. 22 (2): 145–149. doi:10.2517/2017pr013. ISSN 1342-8144.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lechner, Thomas; Böhme, Madelaine (2024-07-02). "The largest record of the minute beaver Euroxenomys minutus (Mammalia, Castoridae) from the early Late Miocene hominid locality Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Southern Germany) and palaeoecological considerations". Historical Biology. 36 (7): 1415–1430. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2215236. ISSN 0891-2963.
- ^ a b c d Mörs, Thomas; Hägglund, Signe; Erbajeva, Margarita A.; Alexeeva, Nadezhda; Shchetnikov, Alexander A.; Daxner-Höck, Gudrun (2022-12-01). "The northernmost Eurasian Miocene beavers: Euroxenomys (Castoridae, Mammalia) from Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal (Eastern Siberia)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 102 (4): 873–883. doi:10.1007/s12549-022-00555-x. ISSN 1867-1608. PMC 9758099. PMID 36540163.
- ^ a b Rekovets, Leonid (2020). "Beavers (Castoridae, Rodentia) from the late Miocene (MN 9) locality Grytsiv in Ukraine" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 76 (1): 165–173.
- ^ a b c Rybczynski, Natalia (2007-03-01). "Castorid Phylogenetics: Implications for the Evolution of Swimming and Tree-Exploitation in Beavers". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 14 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1007/s10914-006-9017-3. ISSN 1573-7055.
- ^ a b Ruys, Thomas; Lorvelec, Olivier; Marre, Alain; Bernez, Ivan (2011-08-01). "River management and habitat characteristics of three sympatric aquatic rodents: common muskrat, coypu and European beaver". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 57 (4): 851–864. doi:10.1007/s10344-011-0497-y. ISSN 1439-0574.
- ^ Böhme, Madelaine; Vasilyan, Davit (2014-03-01). "Ectothermic vertebrates from the late Middle Miocene of Gratkorn (Austria, Styria)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 94 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1007/s12549-013-0143-7. ISSN 1867-1608.
- ^ Cotner, Lisa A.; Schooley, Robert L. (2011). "Habitat occupancy by riparian muskrats reveals tolerance to urbanization and invasive vegetation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 75 (7): 1637–1645. doi:10.1002/jwmg.197. ISSN 1937-2817.
- ^ Cotner, Lisa A.; Schooley, Robert L. (2011). "Habitat occupancy by riparian muskrats reveals tolerance to urbanization and invasive vegetation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 75 (7): 1637–1645. doi:10.1002/jwmg.197. ISSN 1937-2817.