Enol
In organic chemistry, enols are a type of functional group or intermediate in organic chemistry. Formally, enols are derivatives of vinyl alcohol, with a C=C−OH connectivity. The term enol is an abbreviation of alkenol, a portmanteau deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and "-ol"/"alcohol".
Keto–enol tautomerism refers to a chemical equilibrium between a "keto" form (a carbonyl, named for the common ketone case) and an enol. The tautomeric interconversion involves hydrogen atom movement and the reorganisation of bonding electrons.[1]
Many kinds of enols are known, but very few are stable compounds.[2] However, deprotonation of organic carbonyls gives enolate anions, which are important in organic reaction strategies as a strong nucleophile.
Enolization
[edit]Organic esters, ketones, and aldehydes with an α-hydrogen (C−H bond adjacent to the carbonyl group) often form enols. The reaction involves migration of a proton (H) from carbon to oxygen:[2]
- RC(=O)CHR′R′′ ⇌ RC(OH)=CR′R′′
The process does not occur intramolecularly, but requires participation of solvent or other mediators.[citation needed]
Strictly speaking, the conversion is a keto-enol tautomerism only in the case of ketones (neither R nor R′ hydrogen). But this name is often more generally applied to all such tautomerizations.
The keto-enol equilibrium involves movement of a double bond. If the α position of an enol is substituted (i.e., not a methyl ketone), then it is prochiral, forming a new stereocenter when in keto form. Conversely, enolization racemizes that stereocenter.[citation needed]
Occurrence and reactivity
[edit]Usually the tautomerization equilibrium constant is so small that the enol is undetectable spectroscopically. In the equilibrium between vinyl alcohol and acetaldehyde, K = [enol]/[keto] ≈ 5.8×10−7.[3]
The terminus of the double bond in enols is nucleophilic, a property enhanced in the case of enolate anions.[4][5] However, enolates protonate reversibly at the oxygen much faster than equilibrate to the ketone/aldehyde/etc.[6] As many organic syntheses involve the controlled formation and reaction of enolates, enols appear transiently in great quantities during quenching.[4][5]
Stable enols
[edit]
Enols can be stabilized through vinylogy. Thus, very stable enols are phenols.[8]
In compounds with two (or more) carbonyls, the enol form is also stabilized through intramolecular hydrogen bonding[9] and becomes dominant. The behavior of 2,4-pentanedione illustrates this effect:[10]
| carbonyl | enol | Kenolization |
|---|---|---|
| Acetaldehyde CH3CHO |
CH2=CHOH | 5.8×10−7 |
| Acetone CH3C(O)CH3 |
CH3C(OH)=CH2 | 5.12×10−7 |
| Methyl acetate CH3CO2CH3 |
CH2=CH(OH)OCH3 | 4×10−20 |
| Acetophenone C6H5C(O)CH3 |
C6H5C(OH)=CH2 | 1×10−8 |
| Acetylacetone CH3C(O)CH2C(O)CH3 |
CH3C(O)CH=C(OH)CH3 | 0.27 |
| Trifluoroacetylacetone CH3C(O)CH2C(O)CF3 |
CH3C(O)CH=C(OH)CF3 | 32 |
| Hexafluoroacetylacetone CF3C(O)CH2C(O)CF3 |
CF3C(O)CH=C(OH)CF3 | ~104 |
| Cyclohexa-2,4-dienone | Phenol C6H5OH |
>1012 |
Phenols
[edit]Phenols represent a kind of enol. For some phenols and related compounds, the keto tautomer plays an important role. Many of the reactions of resorcinol involve the keto tautomer, for example. Naphthalene-1,4-diol exists in observable equilibrium with the diketone tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione.[11]
Biochemistry
[edit]Keto–enol tautomerism is important in several areas of biochemistry.[citation needed]
The high phosphate-transfer potential of phosphoenolpyruvate results from the fact that the phosphorylated compound is "trapped" in the less thermodynamically favorable enol form, whereas after dephosphorylation it can assume the keto form.[citation needed]
The enzyme enolase catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phosphoglyceric acid to the enol phosphate ester. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvic acid by pyruvate kinase (PK) generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation.[12]
|
|
| ||||
| H2O | ADP | ATP | ||||
|
| |||||
| H2O | ||||||
Enediols
[edit]Enediols are alkenes with a hydroxyl group on each carbon of the C=C double bond. Normally such compounds are disfavored components in equilibria with acyloins. One special case is catechol, where the C=C subunit is part of an aromatic ring. In some other cases however, enediols are stabilized by flanking carbonyl groups. These stabilized enediols are called reductones. Such species are important in glycochemistry, e.g., the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation.[13]
Hydroxyacetone tautomers (enediol center; acyloins left and right)
Conversion of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) to an enolate. Enediol at left, enolate at right, showing movement of electron pairs resulting in deprotonation of the stable parent enediol. A distinct, more complex chemical system, exhibiting the characteristic of vinylogy.
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate is a key substrate in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. In the Calvin cycle, the ribulose equilibrates with the enediol, which then binds carbon dioxide.[citation needed] The same enediol is also susceptible to attack by oxygen (O2) in the (undesirable) process called photorespiration.
Keto-enediol equilibrium for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.
See also
[edit]- Alkenal
- Enolase
- Ketone
- Ynol
- Geminal diol, another form of ketones and aldehydes in water solutions
- Regioselectivity
References
[edit]- ^ Clayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 450–451. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.
- ^ a b Smith MB, March J (2001). Advanced Organic Chemistry (5th ed.). New York: Wiley Interscience. pp. 1218–1223. ISBN 0-471-58589-0.
- ^ a b Guthrie, J. Peter; Povar, Igor (2013). "Equilibrium constants for enolization in solution by computation alone". Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry. 26 (12): 1077–1083. doi:10.1002/poc.3168 See column "pKExpt
E" in Table 1; values there are negative decimal logarithms of values here. - ^ a b Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (6th ed.), New York: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1
- ^ a b Manfred Braun (2015). Modern Enolate Chemistry: From Preparation to Applications in Asymmetric Synthesis. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/9783527671069. ISBN 9783527671069.
- ^ Zimmerman, Howard E. (1987-07-01). "Kinetic protonation of enols, enolates, and analogs. The stereochemistry of ketonization". Accounts of Chemical Research. 20 (7): 263–268. doi:10.1021/ar00139a005. ISSN 0001-4842.
- ^ "Stable simple enols". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989. doi:10.1021/ja00203a019.
- ^ Clayden, Jonathan (2012). Organic Chemistry. Oxford University Press. pp. 456–459.
- ^ Zhou, Yu-Qiang; Wang, Nai-Xing; Xing, Yalan; Wang, Yan-Jing; Hong, Xiao-Wei; Zhang, Jia-Xiang; Chen, Dong-Dong; Geng, Jing-Bo; Dang, Yanfeng; Wang, Zhi-Xiang (2013-01-14). "Stable acyclic aliphatic solid enols: synthesis, characterization, X-ray structure analysis and calculations". Scientific Reports. 3 (1): 1058. Bibcode:2013NatSR...3E1058Z. doi:10.1038/srep01058. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 3544012. PMID 23320139.
- ^ Manbeck, Kimberly A.; Boaz, Nicholas C.; Bair, Nathaniel C.; Sanders, Allix M. S.; Marsh, Anderson L. (2011). "Substituent Effects on Keto–Enol Equilibria Using NMR Spectroscopy". J. Chem. Educ. 88 (10): 1444–1445. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88.1444M. doi:10.1021/ed1010932.
- ^ Kündig, E. Peter; Enríquez García, Alvaro; Lomberget, Thierry; Bernardinelli, Gérald (2006). "Rediscovery, Isolation, and Asymmetric Reduction of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione and Studies of Its [Cr(CO)3] Complex". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 45 (1): 98–101. doi:10.1002/anie.200502588. PMID 16304647.
- ^ Berg, Jeremy M.; Tymoczko, Stryer (2002). Biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-3051-0.
- ^ Schank, Kurt (1972). "Reductones". Synthesis. 1972 (4): 176–90. doi:10.1055/s-1972-21845. S2CID 260331550.
External links
[edit]
| International | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
