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Type XXI submarine

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U-2540 in wartime configuration and exhibited at the Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven. It is the only floating example of a Type XXI U-boat.
Class overview
NameType XXI
Builders
Operators
Preceded by
Cost5,750,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ per boat[1]
Built1943–1945[1]
In commission1944–1982
Planned1,170[2]
Building267[2]
Completed118
Canceled785[2]
Preserved1
General characteristics
Displacement
  • 1,621 t (1,595 long tons) surfaced
  • 1,819 t (1,790 long tons) submerged[1]
Length76.70 m (251 ft 8 in)[1]
Beam8 m (26 ft 3 in)[1]
Draught6.32 m (20 ft 9 in)[1]
Propulsion
Speed
  • 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) surfaced
  • 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph) submerged[1][3]
  • 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph) (silent running motors)
Range
  • 15,500 nmi (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) surfaced
  • 340 nmi (630 km; 390 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged[1]
Test depth240 m (787 ft)[1]
Complement5 officers, 52 enlisted men[4]
Armament

Type XXI submarines were a class of German diesel–electric Elektroboot (German: "electric boat") submarines designed during the Second World War. One hundred eighteen were completed, with four being combat-ready. During the war only two were put into active service and went on patrols, but these were not used in combat.

They were the first submarines designed to operate primarily submerged, rather than spending most of their time as surface ships that could submerge for brief periods as a means of escaping detection. They incorporated many batteries to increase the time they could spend submerged, to as much as several days, and they only needed to surface to periscope depth for recharging via a snorkel. The design included many general improvements as well: much greater underwater speed by an improved hull design, greatly improved diving times, power-assisted torpedo reloading and greatly improved crew accommodations. However, the design was also flawed in many ways, with the submarines being mechanically unreliable[5] and, according to post-war analysis, vulnerable to combat damage. The Type XXI submarines were also rushed into production before design work was complete, and the inexperienced facilities which constructed the boats were unable to meet necessary quality standards.

After the war, several navies obtained Type XXIs and operated them for decades in various roles, while large navies introduced new submarine designs based on them. These include the Soviet Whiskey, American Tang, British Porpoise, and Swedish Hajen III classes, all based on the Type XXI design to some extent.[6]

Design

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Until 1943, The German Navy intended to equip the new generation of U-boats with a revolutionary underwater propulsion system, the Walter-turbine. This turbine provided high underwater speeds and hence new streamlined U-boat hulls were designed for these U-boats. Two types of 'Walter' U-boats were developed: an ocean-going Type XVIII and a coastal Type XVII. But Germany lacked the resources to produce the hydrogen peroxide fuel needed for these turbines, and these turbines consumed far more fuel than a U-boat could store in her tanks. As these problems were gradually understood, in March 1943 German engineers took up the idea of using the large turbine room and hydrogen peroxide tanks of these Type XVII and Type XVIII U-boats for larger electrical engines and extra battery cells. On 19 June 1943 the German navy ordered these ideas to be worked out as a new Type XXI submarine, which was to replace the Type IX submarine.[7][8]

Using the design for the hull, armament and control systems of the Type XVIII, and the new supercharged diesel engine for Type VIIC/42 submarine, the new Type XXI was underpowered on the surface, and was slower than its predecessor the Type VII and Type IX, but that was not considered a problem. With its superior submerged speed and endurance, a Type XXI could position itself undetected for a convoy attack, and with a new quick-loading device, it could fire eighteen torpedoes in twenty minutes. Already on 29 June Karl Dönitz, the head of the German navy, approved the Type XXI as the successor for both the long-range Type IX, and Type VII for operations against the North-Atlantic convoys.[9][10]

The main features of the Type XXI were the hydrodynamically streamlined hull and conning tower and the large number of battery cells, roughly triple that of the Type VII submarine. This gave these boats great underwater range and dramatically reduced the time spent on or near the surface. They could travel submerged at about 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for about 75 hours[11] before recharging batteries, which took less than five hours using the snorkel due to the new super-charged diesel engines. Being designed primarily for submerged use, the Type XXI's maximum surface speed (15.6 knots) was lower than that of the Type IX (18.2 knots) but its submerged speed was more than twice that of the Type IX (17.2 knots versus 7.7 knots) because they were equipped with much more powerful electric drive motors and had less drag.[12][13]

The Type XXI was also much quieter than the VIIC, making it more difficult to detect when submerged, and the design eliminated protruding components that had created drag in earlier models. The new, streamlined hull design allowed submerged speed of 17.2 kn (19.8 mph; 31.9 km/h), versus 7.6 kn (8.7 mph; 14.1 km/h) for the Type VIIC.[14] The ability to outrun many surface ships while submerged, combined with improved dive times (also a product of the new hull form), made the Type XXI much more difficult to pursue and destroy.[15] It also provided a sprint ability when positioning itself for an attack. Older boats had to surface to sprint into position. This often revealed a boat's location, especially after aircraft became available for convoy escort. The Type XXI was also equipped with a pair of electric "creep motors" for silent running.[15]

The Type XXIs also had better facilities than previous U-boat classes, with much roomier crew berths, and a freezer to prevent food spoilage.[16] The increased capacity allowed for a crew of 57.[17][18]

A post-war assessment of the Type XXI by the United States Navy concluded that while the design had some admirable features, it was seriously flawed.[19] The submarines' engines were underpowered, which limited the surface speed and increased the time required to charge the batteries. The hydraulic system was unduly complex, and its main elements were located outside the pressure hull. This made the system highly vulnerable to corrosion and damage. The snorkel was also badly designed, and difficult to use in practice.[20]

Armament

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The Type XXI was the first U-boat to be equipped with six bow torpedo tubes, but had no stern torpedo tube. Six torpedoes were carried within the tubes and another seventeen could be stored in racks immediately behind the tubes. Reloading was done by hoisting a torpedo on a rail hanging from the upper pressure hull. An electrical powered trolley could push the torpedo much faster in the torpedo tube as had been previously possible with the manual reloading process. A full second salvo of six torpedoes was possible five to six minutes after the first salvo, and a third salvo could be fired within twenty minutes.[21]

It was intended to make it possible to substitute four torpedoes for twelve mines. Four torpedo tubes could contain three mines each and eject these mines with pressured air. But no Type XXI was ever equipped with the needed minelaying gear.[22]

The anti-aircraft armament consisted of two twin 2 cm C/38 guns, mounted in two turrets on the enclosed bridge. The design of this enclosed bridge and anti-aircraft turrets came from the Type XVII. As designed, these turrets were equipped with twin 3 cm M44 guns, but the development of these new guns was delayed and instead the well-proven but obsolete 2 cm C/38 was installed.[23]

Radar Transmitter Type F432 D2

Sensors

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The Type XXI boats were fitted with the FuMO 65 Hohentwiel U1 with the Type F432 D2 radar transmitter.[24] It was intended to install a FuMO 84 Berlin II and FuMO 391 Lessing as from the summer of 1945. The FuMo 84 was a retractable, tactical radar with a wavelength of 9 cm, which could be operated at periscope depth, whilst the FuMO 391 was an air search radar operating at a wavelength of 2.4m.[25][26]

The FuMB Ant 3 Bali radar detector and antenna was located on top of the snorkel head.

Construction

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Construction consisted of nine prefabricated sections

This was the first U-boat to be constructed of modular components to allow for the manufacture of the various components in different factories and subsequent assembly at the shipyard.[15]

Between 1943 and 1945, 118 boats were assembled by Blohm & Voss of Hamburg, AG Weser of Bremen and Schichau-Werke of Danzig. Each hull was constructed from nine prefabricated sections with final assembly at the shipyards. This new method allowed for a hypothetical construction time of less than six months per vessel, but in practice all the assembled U-boats were plagued with severe quality problems that required extensive post-production work and time to rectify.[15] One of the reasons for these shortcomings was that sections were made by companies having little experience with shipbuilding, after a decision by Albert Speer. As a result, of 118 Type XXIs constructed, only four were fit for combat before the Second World War ended in Europe. Of these, only two conducted combat patrols and neither sank any Allied ships.[27] Post-war assessments by the US Navy and British Royal Navy also found that the completed submarines had poor structural integrity due to the manufacturing problems. This rendered the submarines highly vulnerable to depth charges, and gave them a lesser maximum diving depth than earlier U-boat designs.[19]

It was planned that final assembly of Type XXI boats would eventually be carried out in the Valentin submarine pens, a massive, bomb–hardened concrete bunker built at the small port of Farge, near Bremen.[28] The pens were constructed between 1943 and 1945, using about 10,000 concentration camp prisoners and prisoners of war as forced labour.[29] The facility was 90% completed when, during March 1945, it was heavily damaged by Allied bombing with Grand Slam "earthquake" bombs and abandoned. A few weeks later the area was captured by the British Army.[30]

Due to the combination of design and construction problems, historian Clay Blair judged that "the XXI could not have made a big difference in the Battle of the Atlantic.[19]

Wartime and post-war service

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U.S. Navy diagram of a Type XXI U-boat. Note the teardrop-shaped fairing for the large hydrophone array beneath the bow and the wasp-waist pressure hull. The large sonar array and its housing did slow the boat down, but its placement and size allowed for a very sensitive system to be installed, and gave it near-360 degree coverage around the submarine.

Germany

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Three Type XXI U-boats and one Type VII U-boat moored at Bergen, Norway (May 1945). The Type XXI in the middle is U-2511

U-2511 and U-3008 were the only Type XXIs used for war patrols, and neither sank any ships. The commander of U-2511 claimed the U-boat had a British cruiser in his sights on 4 May when news of the German cease-fire was received. He further claimed he made a practice attack before leaving the scene undetected.[31]

During 1957, U-2540, which had been scuttled at the end of the war, was raised and refitted as research vessel Wilhelm Bauer of the Bundesmarine. It was operated by both military and civilian crews for research purposes until 1982. During 1984, it was made available for display to the public by the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum (German Maritime Museum) in Bremerhaven, Germany.[32]

France

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U-2518 surrendered to the British, but the U-boat was allocated to the French. She was towed in January 1946 to Cherbourg and commissioned on 9 April 1951 in the French Navy as Roland Morillot. The submarine was used for active service during the Suez Crisis in 1956. She remained in commission until 1967 and was scrapped in 1969.[33]

Soviet Union

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Four Type XXI boats were assigned to the USSR by the Potsdam Agreement; these were U-2529, U-3035, U-3041, and U-3515, which were commissioned into the Soviet Navy as B-27, B-28, B-29, and B-30 (later B-100) respectively. However, Western intelligence believed the Soviets had acquired several more Type XXI boats; a review by the U.S. Joint Intelligence Committee for the Joint Chiefs of Staff during January 1948 estimated the Soviet Navy then had 15 Type XXIs operational, could complete construction of 6 more within 2 months, and could build another 39 within a year and a half from prefabricated sections, since several factories producing Type XXI components and the assembly yard at Danzig had been captured by the Soviets at the end of World War II. U-3538 — U-3557 (respectively TS-5 – TS-19 and TS-32 – TS-38) remained incomplete at Danzig and were scrapped or sunk during 1947. The four boats assigned by Potsdam were used in trials and tests until 1955, then scuttled or used for weapon testing between 1958 and 1973. The Type XXI design formed the basis for several Soviet design projects, Projects 611, 613, 614, 633, and 644. These became the submarine classes known by their NATO codes as Zulu, Whiskey and Romeo submarine classes.[34]

United Kingdom

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German submarine U-3008 in Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine

U-3017 was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS N41. It was used for tests until being scrapped during November 1949.

United States

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The United States Navy acquired U-2513 and U-3008, operating them both in the Atlantic Ocean. During November 1946 President Harry S. Truman visited U-2513; the submarine dived to 440 feet (130 m) with the President aboard.[35] U-2513 was sunk as a target on 7 October 1951; U-3008 was sold for scrap on 15 September 1955.

Survivor

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Wilhelm Bauer (U-2540), preserved as a floating museum ship at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven (2013)

The only boat to survive intact is Wilhelm Bauer (ex-U-2540), at the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven.[36] Records indicate that this sub was scuttled by her crew in 1945, salvaged in 1957 and refurbished for use by the West German Bundesmarine until retirement in 1982. She was then modified to appear in wartime configuration for exhibition purposes.[37]

Notable wrecks

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The wrecks of several Type XXI boats are known to exist. During 1985, it was discovered that the partially scrapped remains of U-2505, U-3004, and U-3506 were still in the partially demolished "Elbe II" U-boat bunker in Hamburg. The bunker has since been filled in with gravel, although even that did not initially deter many souvenir hunters who measured the position of open hatches and dug down to them to allow the removal of artifacts.[36] The wrecks now lie beneath a car park (parking lot), making them inaccessible.[38]

U-2513 lies in 213 feet (65 m) of water 70 nautical miles (130 km) west of Key West, Florida. The boat has been visited by divers, but the depth makes this very difficult and the site is considered suitable for only advanced divers. Four other boats lie off the coast of Northern Ireland, where they were sunk during 1946 as part of Operation Deadlight. Both U-2511 and U-2506 were found by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney during his Operation Deadlight expeditions between 2001 and 2003.[39][40] Both were found to be in good condition. In April 2018 the wreck of U-3523 was found north of Skagen in Denmark.[41]

Influences

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The Type XXI design directly influenced advanced post-war submarines, the Greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program (GUPPY) improvements to the United States Gato, Balao, and Tench-class submarines,[42] and the Soviet submarine projects designated Whiskey, Zulu,[43] and Romeo by NATO. The Chinese-built Romeo-class submarines, and the subsequent Ming class, were based on Soviet blueprints.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gröner, Jung & Maass 1991, p. 84–85.
  2. ^ a b c Gröner, Jung & Maass 1991, pp. 84–89.
  3. ^ "U-boat Archive - Design Studies - Type XXI".
  4. ^ Gröner, Jung & Maass 1991, p. 85.
  5. ^ Jones, Marcus O. (2014) "Innovation for Its Own Sake: The Type XXI U-boat", Naval War College Review, Vol. 67, No. 2, Article 9 https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol67/iss2/9%7C[permanent dead link] p10 "Early Type XXI hulls suffered from defective diesel-engine superchargers, faulty hydraulic torpedo-loading systems, trouble-prone steering systems..."
  6. ^ H I Sutton (7 March 2021). "World-Submarine-Family-Tree". Covert Shores.
  7. ^ Rössler 1981, p. 208.
  8. ^ Blair 1998, p. 312.
  9. ^ Rössler 1981, pp. 208–209.
  10. ^ Blair 1998, pp. 312–313.
  11. ^ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 59. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  12. ^ "German Type IX U-Boat - history, specification and photos".
  13. ^ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 58. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  14. ^ "History, U-Boot Wilhelm-Bauer". Museum Harbour of Bremerhaven. October 2, 2015. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  16. ^ Gerken, Louis (1989). Torpedo Technology (Illustrated ed.). United States: Pennsylvania State University. p. 57. ISBN 978-0961716325. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  17. ^ Gardiner, Robert (1990). Warships - 1990. London, UK: Conway Maritime Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0851775470.
  18. ^ Gordon Williamson (February 5, 2005). Wolf Pack: The Story of the U-Boat in World War II. Osprey. p. 60. ISBN 978-1841768724. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  19. ^ a b c Blair 2000, p. x.
  20. ^ Blair 2000, p. xi.
  21. ^ Breyer 1996, pp. 18–19.
  22. ^ Breyer 1996, pp. 19.
  23. ^ Rössler 1981, p. 194.
  24. ^ Rössler 1981, p. 198.
  25. ^ Möller & Brack 2004, p. 168.
  26. ^ Rössler 1981, p. 199.
  27. ^ Tooze, Adam (2006). The Wages of Destruction. London: Penguin Books. pp. 616–618. ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1.
  28. ^ Flower, Stephen (2004). Barnes Wallis' Bombs. Tempus. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-7524-2987-8.
  29. ^ Marc Buggeln. "Neuengamme / Bremen-Farge". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
  30. ^ Flower, Stephen (2004). Barnes Wallis' Bombs. Tempus. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-7524-2987-8.
  31. ^ Van der Vat, Dan (1994). Stealth at Sea. London: Orion. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-85797-864-3.
  32. ^ Möller & Brack 2004, p. 117.
  33. ^ Breyer 1996, p. 38.
  34. ^ Polmar, Norman; Kenneth J. Moore (2004). Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines. Brassey's. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1-57488-594-1.
  35. ^ "Truman Dives 440 Feet In German Sub", The Pittsburgh Press, November 21, 1946, p9
  36. ^ a b Hitler's U-boat Bases (2002), Jak P Mallmann Showell, Sutton Publishing ISBN 0-7509-2606-6
  37. ^ Gordon Williamson (2002). Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939–45. 841763640. ISBN 9781780966618.
  38. ^ "3 Type XXI boats in the Elbe II in Hamburg". uboat.net.
  39. ^ "Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2001".
  40. ^ "Uboat.net Operation Deadlight dives 2002".
  41. ^ Ritzau (13 April 2018). "Rare wreckage of groundbreaking nazi submarines found in the Skagerrak". tv2.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  42. ^ Friedman, Norman (1994). U.S. Submarines Since 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 23–28, 35, 40–43. ISBN 1-55750-260-9.
  43. ^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p.2594, "'Whiskey'", and p.2620, "'Zulu'".

References

[edit]
  • Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-boat War: The Hunters 1939-1942. London: Cassel & Co. ISBN 0304352608.
  • Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945. Vol. 2. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35261-6.
  • Breyer, Siegfried (1996). Wunderwaffe Elektro-Uboot Typ. XXI [Miracle weapons : Electro submarine Typ. XXI]. Marine-Arsenal Sonderhaft Band 13 (in German). Wölfersheim-Berstadt: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. ISBN 3-7909-0587-9.
  • Fitzsimons, Bernard, general editor. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus Publishing Company, 1978), Volume 24, p. 2594, "'Whiskey'", and p. 2620, "'Zulu'".
  • Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). German Warships 1815–1945, U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-593-7.
  • Kohl, Fritz; Eberhard Rossler (1991). The Type XXI U-boat. Conway Maritime. ISBN 978-1-55750-829-4.
  • Möller, Eberhard; Brack, Werner (2004). The Encyclopedia of U-Boats : from 1904 to the present. London: Chatham. ISBN 1-85367-623-3.
  • Rössler, Eberhard (1981). The U-boat: The Evolution and Technical History of German submarines. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-36120-8.
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