Wikipedia:Sandbox

§ 25. Particle Physics

Wilson's (1911) cloud chamber was used to justify the existence of protons (fig 29) but alpha particles (2p, 2n), composed of positively charged protons, do not physically exist (Ito, § 18) since the proton-proton strong force of a nucleus, formed by positively charged protons, within the infinitesimal volume of an atomic nucleus, would produce a proton-proton strong force that is unrealistic and would prevent the formation of an atomic nucleus composed of negatively charged proton which proves proton do not physically exist. Also, the alcohol cloud chamber alcohol molecules are billions of time larger in volume than an alpha particle which proves the ostensible alpha particle are not forming the alcohol tracks. Rutherford's gold foil experiment was used to justify the existence of protons but alpha particles that have a mass cannot propagate through a solid gold foil. Proton beam therapy is used to support the existence of protons but protons that have a mass 1,836 times greater than an electron would destroy human skin, tissue, and bone in the path of the proton beam.

The UC Berkeley Lawrence cyclotron (1929) is used to justify the existence of protons but the cyclotron's protons were formed by the ignition of hydrogen gas using a 200 kV arc (Lawrence, p. 32) but nuclear protons do not exist since the magnitude of the proton-proton strong force is unrealistic (equ 23), and the negatively charged terminal of the 200 kV arc would eliminate the positively charged protons. The ostensible protons were said to be placed at the center of the cyclotron (fig 30) where the attractive force caused by the negatively charged dee halve accelerated the protons. As the accelerated protons propagated within the hollow positive metal dee halve, on an increasing spiral path, produced by a perpendicular external magnetic field, the protons' velocity increased when approaching the negatively charged dee halve but the polarity of the dee gap then changed to allow the positive charge photons to enter the gap (fig 29). The protons behind the gap would be eliminated by the negatively charged dee halve, and the protons in front of the dee gap, before the polarity oscillation would also be eliminated which would eliminate the protons which nullifies the Lawrence cyclotron experiment.

The Fermilab (1967) particle physics experiment is fictional. The particle accelerator experiment was based on protons formed by a duoplasmatron that was said to form protons where hydrogen gas is ignited using a 22 kV arc but the negatively charged terminal of the arc would attract and eliminate the positively charged protons. The Fermilab RF cavity is said to accelerated the ostensible protons by oscillating the polarity of the metal surfaces of the RF cavity using an oscillating LRC circuit (fig 30a,b) where the protons then propagate through a six kilometer circumference beam pipe surrounded by magnets that guide the proton beam back through the front end of the RF cavity (fig 31) and after 20,000 passes, the protons were said to be incrementally accelerated to the final velocity of .7c but electrons of the LRC circuit were propagating at the maximum velocity of 10-3 m/s cannot form the polarity oscillation (+/-) of the RF segments to accelerate the protons to the speed of .7c (2.1 x 108 m/s), and the RF cavity is a solid metal structure whose segments cannot simultaneously form both positive and negative charges of the RF cavity that is used to accelerate the proton beam.

The Fermilab bubble chamber hydrogen bubble tracks were not produced by subatomic particles since subatomic particles, composed of matter, cannot propagate through the 1.25-inch-thick steel enclosure of the bubble chamber. The Fermilab subatomic particles were said to be formed outside the bubble chamber when the protons collide with a solid beryllium target; however, the accelerated protons that were composed of matter cannot penetrate the beryllium target without melting a hole through the beryllium target. Rutherford's experiment was used to justify subatomic particles propagating through the beryllium target but Rutherford’s alpha particles (2 protons, 2 neutrons) do not exist (equ 23), and alpha particles composed of matter cannot propagate through Rutherford's solid gold foil. The high-energy protons was said to allow the protons to penetrate the beryllium target but the high-energy protons incident on the beryllium target would melt a hole through the beryllium target. It is assumed that the protons interact with the beryllium target that results in the formation of subatomic particles. Subatomic particles that have mass propagating through the steel enclosure of the bubble chamber would result in the explosion of the liquid hydrogen. Cosmic rays are used to justify subatomic particles propagating through the steel enclosure of the bubble chamber but a muon (cosmic ray) is 200 times more massive than an electron; consequently, muons cannot propagate through steel. The Soudan underground muon detector is used to justify the existence of muons but muons that have mass cannot propagate through 2,090 ft of bedrock. Gamma rays are emitted from radioactive isotopes that exist in the mine.

The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (2017) is not science. The LHC protons were said to originate from a duoplasmatron where hydrogen gas was ignited using a spark formed by a high-voltage arc but the negatively charged terminal of the arc would eliminate the positively charged protons, and protons do not physically exist since the nuclear protons' repulsive strong forces would prevent the formation of positively charged nuclear protons (equ 23). A radio frequency (RF) cavity and superconducting magnets that were distributed along each of the two adjacent 27 km circumference beam pipes guide each of the 100,000 passes of the alleged proton beams through the 27 km circular beam pipes and RF cavities. After approximately 100,000 passes, the proton beam was said to obtain a velocity of .99c (2.97 x 108 m/s), the two adjacent accelerated proton beams, propagating in opposite directions, propagate through opposite ends of the ATLAS detector where, at the center of the ATLAS detector, the protons form a head-on proton-proton collision, resulting in the formation of the LHC subatomic particles but in the acceleration process, the RF cavity electrons cannot propagate fast enough to fill and leave the RF cavity surfaces to produce the polarity oscillation (+/-) of the RF cavity that was used to accelerate the protons to the velocity of .99c since the electrons of the accelerator's LRC circuitry were propagating at the velocity of 10-3 m/s. Moreover, the CERN RF cavity is said to oscillate at the frequency of 1.3 x 109 Hz (1.3 GHz) and is said to accelerate the protons emitted from the RF quadrupole that protons that are propagating at 107 m/s where the protons propagate through the RF cavity would encounter multiple alternating positive and negative fields which would negate the acceleration of the proton beam used in the RF cavity.

The CERN LHC experiment violates logic. The 1232 dipole superconducting magnets were said to be directing the protons toward the inner edge of the beam pipes that produced the 27 km circular trajectory of the proton beams which allowed the proton beam to repetitively pass (100,000 times) through the RF cavity which was used to accelerate the CERN proton beam yet the 392 quadrupole magnets focus the protons towards the center of the beam pipes which would obstruct the effects of the dipole magnets that were directing the protons towards the inner edge of the beam pipes forming the 27 km circular trajectory of the proton beam. Plus, the Atlas detector was used to detect the existence of subatomic particles that are formed within the Atlas detector but subatomic particles that have a mass cannot propagate through the 7,000-ton steel structure of the Atlas detector (fig 31) which invalidates particle physics.