Castilleja miniata
| Castilleja miniata | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Castilleja |
| Species: | C. miniata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Castilleja miniata | |
| Synonyms[2][3][4][5] | |
|
List
| |
Castilleja miniata is a species of Indian paintbrush known by the common name giant red paintbrush. It is native to western North America from Alaska to Ontario to California to New Mexico, where it grows usually in moist places in a wide variety of habitat types.
Description
[edit]Giant red paintbrush is a perennial herb that grows 12 to 80 centimeters tall, though occasionally reaching 1 meter, with few to many branching stems. It can have a taproot or grow from rhizomes with branching roots.[6] The lance-shaped leaves are 3 to 6 centimeters long, pointed, and coated in thin hairs. The inflorescence is made up of bright red to pale orange or orange-tipped bracts. Between the bracts emerge the yellow-green, red-edged tubular flowers. Flowers bloom May to September.[7]
Because most species of the genus are parasitic on other plants, sophisticated networks are formed between their roots and those of other species. They therefore cannot be transplanted in most cases.[8] Its native habitats include wet mountain meadows and stream banks below 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[7]
Taxonomy
[edit]Castilleja miniata was given its scientific name and described in 1838 by George Bentham attributing it to David Douglas. It is a species of Castilleja classified in the family Orobanchaceae.[9]
Varieties
[edit]According to Plants of the World Online there are four varieties of the species:[9]
- Castilleja miniata var. dixonii
Initially described as Castilleja dixonii by Merritt Lyndon Fernald in 1899, it was reduced to a variety by Aven Nelson and J.F. Macbride in 1918.[10] It is found on the west coast in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.[2]
- Castilleja miniata var. fulva
Francis Whittier Pennell described it as Castilleja fulva in 1934 and as a variety by John Mark Egger in 2008. It grows in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon Territory.[3]
- Castilleja miniata var. miniata
The autonymic variety is widespread and from Alaska to Baja California and eastward to the Rocky Mountain states and Ontario.[4]
- Castilleja miniata var. oblongifolia
This variety was inititally described as Castilleja oblongifolia by Asa Gray and as a variety by Philip Alexander Munz in 1932. It grows from south central California to northern Baja California.[5]
Castilleja miniata has 19 synonyms of the species or one of its four varieties.[9][2][3][4][5]
| Name | Year | Rank | Synonym of: | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Castilleja confusa var. pubens (A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. | 1916 | variety | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja crispula Piper | 1906 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja dixonii Fernald | 1899 | species | var. dixonii | ≡ hom. |
| Castilleja fulva Pennell | 1934 | species | var. fulva | ≡ hom. |
| Castilleja hyetophila Pennell | 1934 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja hyetophila f. longiflora Pennell | 1934 | form | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja inconstans Standl. | 1909 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja miniata var. crispula (Piper) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. | 1916 | variety | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja miniata subsp. dixonii (Fernald) Kartesz | 1999 | subspecies | var. dixonii | ≡ hom. |
| Castilleja montana Congdon | 1900 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja oblongifolia A.Gray | 1878 | species | var. oblongifolia | ≡ hom. |
| Castilleja pallida var. miniata (Douglas ex Hook.) A.Gray | 1862 | variety | C. miniata | ≡ hom. |
| Castilleja rhexiifolia var. pubens A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr. | 1913 | variety | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja trinervis Rydb. | 1901 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja tweedyi Rydb. | 1900 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja variabilis Rydb. | 1907 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja vreelandii Rydb. | 1907 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Castilleja confusa Greene | 1901 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Euchroma integrifolia Nutt. ex Benth. | 1846 | species | var. miniata | = het. |
| Notes: ≡ homotypic synonym ; = heterotypic synonym | ||||
Names
[edit]The scientific name, miniata, means "scarlet" in Botanical Latin for the color of its bright bracts.[11] It is likewise known by the common name scarlet paintbrush,[11] however other species are also known by this name at times including Castilleja indivisa and Castilleja coccinea.[12][13] It is also known as the giant red paintbrush and common paintbrush.[6]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ NatureServe 2025.
- ^ a b c POWO 2025b.
- ^ a b c POWO 2025c.
- ^ a b c POWO 2025d.
- ^ a b c POWO 2025e.
- ^ a b Egger et al. 2020a.
- ^ a b "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". www.wildflower.org. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
- ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 575. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
- ^ a b c POWO 2025a.
- ^ Egger et al. 2020b.
- ^ a b Heil et al. 2013, p. 692.
- ^ Angel 1998, p. 33.
- ^ Vance, Jowsey & McLean 1977, p. 146.
Sources
[edit]- Books
- Angel, Heather (1998). How to photograph flowers (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-2455-5. OCLC 37115657. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
- Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Steve L. Jr.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-1-930723-84-9. ISSN 0161-1542. LCCN 2012949654. OCLC 859541992. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
- Vance, Fenton R.; Jowsey, James R.; McLean, James S. (1977). Wildflowers Across the Prairies. Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie books. ISBN 978-0-919306-74-5. OCLC 3413077. Retrieved 2 December 2025.
- Web sources
- Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (6 November 2020a) [In print 2019]. "Castilleja miniata". Flora of North America. p. 627. ISBN 978-0-19-086851-2. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 16 July 2025. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 November 2020b) [In print 2019]. "Castilleja miniata var. dixonii". Flora of North America. p. 627. ISBN 978-0-19-086851-2. OCLC 1101573420. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- NatureServe (1 November 2025). "Castilleja miniata". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- POWOa (2025). "Castilleja miniata Douglas ex Benth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- POWOb (2025). "Castilleja miniata var. dixonii (Fernald) A.Nelson & J.F.Gmel". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- POWOc (2025). "Castilleja miniata var. fulva (Pennell) J.M.Egger". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- POWOd (2025). "Castilleja miniata var. miniata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
- POWOe (2025). "Castilleja miniata var. oblongifolia (A.Gray) Munz". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 December 2025.
External links
[edit]