Cryptoprocta spelea
| Cryptoprocta spelea Temporal range: Holocene
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|---|---|
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| Left distal humerus of C. spelea | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Eupleridae |
| Genus: | Cryptoprocta |
| Species: | †C. spelea
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Cryptoprocta spelea Grandidier, 1902
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| Subfossil sites for Cryptoprocta species: blue—C. spelea; green—C. ferox and C. spelea; red—C. ferox[2] | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Cryptoprocta spelea, also known as the giant fossa,[4] is an extinct species of carnivore from Madagascar in the family Eupleridae which is most closely related to the mongooses and includes all Malagasy carnivorans.
It was first named in 1902, and was subsequently recognized as a separate species in 1935 from its closest relative, the living fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox). C. spelea was larger than its extant relative but otherwise similar. The two have not always been recognized as distinct species. When and how C. spelea became extinct remains unknown; however, some anecdotal evidence—including reports of unusually large fossas—suggests that more than one species may still survive.
The species is known from subfossil bones found in a variety of caves in northern, western, southern, and central Madagascar. In some sites, it occurs with remains of C. ferox, but there is no evidence that the two lived in the same places at the same time. Living species of comparably sized, related carnivores in other regions are able to coexist, suggesting that C. spelea and C. ferox may have done the same. Due to its larger size, C. spelea likely preyed on animals too large for its smaller relative, including the recently extinct giant lemurs.
Taxonomy
[edit]In 1902, Guillaume Grandidier listed subfossil carnivoran remains from two caves on Madagascar as a larger "variety" of the living fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), C. ferox var. spelea, without a detailed description or holotype designation.[5] In 1935, Gabriel Petit considered spelea to represent a distinct species, but did not assign any specimen as the holotype.[6] Charles Lamberton reviewed the subfossil and living Cryptoprocta remains in 1939, and assigned other specimens found in different localities to C. spelea, agreeing with Petit in the recognition of two species.[3] The generic name Cryptoprocta translates to "hidden anus" referring to the fact that the anus is hidden by anal sacs in C. ferox.[7] The specific name spelea means "cave" and was given because of the location of its discovery.[8] However, Lamberton apparently had at most three skeletons of the living fossa, not nearly enough to capture the range of variation in that species, and some later authors did not separate C. spelea and C. ferox as two distinct species.[3]
Steven Goodman and colleagues, using larger samples, compiled another set of Cryptoprocta measurements that was published in a 2004 article. They found that some subfossil Cryptoprocta fell outside the range of variation of living C. ferox, and identified those as representing C. spelea.[9] Grandidier had not designated a type specimen for the species, and no material described by Grandidier that is associated with the name spelea can be located in the collections of the National Museum of Natural History, France (MNHN). To maintain C. spelea as the name for the larger form of the fossa, Goodman and colleagues proposed a well-preserved specimen MNHN CG 1977.755 to be designated as the neotype.[9]
Lamberton recognized a third species, Cryptoprocta antamba, on the basis of a mandible (lower jaw) with abnormally broad spacing between the condyloid processes at the back.[10] He also referred two femora (upper leg bones) and a tibia (lower leg bone) intermediate in size between C. spelea and C. ferox to this species.[11] The specific name refers to the "antamba", an animal allegedly from southern Madagascar described by Étienne de Flacourt in 1658 as a large, rare, leopard-like carnivore that eats men and calves and lives in remote mountainous areas;[12] it may have been the giant fossa.[13]
Goodman and colleagues could not locate Lamberton's material of Cryptoprocta antamba, but suggested that it was based on an abnormal C. spelea.[9] Together, the fossa and C. spelea form the genus Cryptoprocta within the family Eupleridae, which also includes the other Malagasy carnivorans—the falanouc, the fanalokas, and the Galidiinae. DNA sequence studies suggest that the Eupleridae form a single natural (monophyletic) group and are most closely related to the mongooses of Eurasia and mainland Africa.[14]
Description
[edit]
Although some morphological differences between the two fossa species have been described,[15] these may be allometric (growth-related), and in their 1986 Mammalian Species account of the fossa, Michael Köhncke and Klaus Leonhardt wrote that the two were morphologically identical.[16] However, remains of C. spelea are larger than any living C. ferox.[9]
Goodman and colleagues found that spelea were 1.07 to 1.32 times as large as in adult C. ferox, and postcranial measurements were 1.19 to 1.37 times as large.[9] The only specimen of C. spelea in which condylobasal length (a measure of total skull length) could be ascertained measured 153.4 mm (6.04 in), compared to a range of 114.5 to 133.3 mm (4.51 to 5.25 in) in adult C. ferox. Humerus (upper arm bone) length in twelve C. spelea is 122.7 to 146.8 mm (4.83 to 5.78 in), averaging 137.9 mm (5.43 in), compared to 108.5 to 127.5 mm (4.27 to 5.02 in), averaging 116.1 mm (4.57 in), in the extant fossa.[17] Body mass estimates for C. spelea range from 17 kg (37 lb)[18] to 20 kg (44 lb),[19] and it was among the largest carnivores of the island.[20] By comparison, adult C. ferox range from 5 kg (11 lb) to 10 kg (22 lb).[21]
Distribution and ecology
[edit]| Site | spe. | fer. |
|---|---|---|
| Ankazoabo | + | |
| Antsirabe | + | + |
| Behova | + | + |
| Beloha | + | + |
| Belo sur Mer | + | + |
| Bemafandry | + | |
| Betioky | + | |
| Lakaton'ny akanga | + | |
| Lelia | + | |
| Manombo | + | + |
| Tsiandroina | + | |
| Tsiravé | + | |
Abbreviations:
| ||
Subfossil remains of the giant fossa have been found in Holocene cave sites from the northern end of Madagascar along the west coast to the far south, and in the central highlands.[3] Some sites have yielded both C. spelea and smaller remains referable to the living species, C. ferox; however, lack of robust stratigraphic knowledge and no available radiocarbon dating on subfossil Cryptoprocta bones makes it uncertain whether the two species lived in the same region at the same time.[22] The size ratio between the two species is within the range of ratios seen between similar-sized living cats and mongooses found in the same areas, suggesting that the two species may have been able to occur together.[2]
With its large size and massive jaws and teeth,[23] C. spelea was a formidable, "puma-like"[24] predator, and in addition to smaller prey it may have eaten some of the big, now extinct subfossil lemurs that would have been too large for C. ferox.[25] No subfossil evidence has been found to definitively show that lemurs were its prey; this assumption is based on the diet of the smaller, extant species of fossa.[26] Other possible prey include tenrecs, smaller euplerids, and even young Malagasy hippopotamuses.[27]
Extinction
[edit]
The specific reason and time for the extinction of C. spelea is not known. Goodman et al. (2004) suggested that C. spelea went extinct before 1400,[2] while the IUCN Red List listed its time of extinction as before 1658.[1]
Local people on Madagascar often recognize two forms of fossa, a larger fosa mainty (or "black Cryptoprocta") and a smaller fosa mena (or "reddish Cryptoprocta").[28] There are also some anecdotal records of very large living fossas, such as the alleged record of a 2 m (7 ft), 30 kg (70 lb) fossa captured at Morondava in 1954. Goodman and colleagues suggested that further research may demonstrate that there is more than one species of fossa yet alive.[2]
C. spelea is the only extinct carnivoran mammal known from Madagascar;[8] recently extinct (non-carnivoran) Madagascan animals also include large lemurs,[9] elephant birds, and Malagasy hippopotamuses.[29] The extinction of C. spelea may have changed predation dynamics on Madagascar due to Madagascar's larger terrestrial vertebrates experiencing the lack of predator pressure.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Hoffmann, M.; Hawkins, F. (2015). "Cryptoprocta spelea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T136456A45221489. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136456A45221489.en. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f Goodman et al., 2004, p. 140–141
- ^ a b c d Goodman et al., 2004, p. 130–131
- ^ Alcover and McMinn, 1994, table 1
- ^ Grandidier, G. (1902). "Observations sur les lémuriens disparus de Madagascar. Collections Alluaud, Gaubert, Grandidier". Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire naturelle. 8: 497–505, 587–592.
- ^ Petit, G. (1935). "Description d'un crâne de Cryptoprocte subfossile, suivie de remarques sur les affinitiés de genre Cryptoprocta". Archives du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. 12: 621–636.
- ^ Pocock, R.I. (1916). "On some of the external characters of Cryptoprocta". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 17 (102): 413–425. doi:10.1080/00222931608693806. ISSN 0374-5481.
- ^ a b Goodman et al., 2003, p. 1167
- ^ a b c d e f Goodman et al., 2004, p. 136–137
- ^ Lamberton, 1939, p. 191
- ^ Lamberton, 1939, p. 193
- ^ Goodman et al., 2003, p. 1169; 2004, p. 131
- ^ Turvey, 2009, p. 34
- ^ Garbutt, 2007, p. 208
- ^ Lamberton, 1939, p. 182
- ^ Köhncke and Leonhardt, 1986, p. 2
- ^ Goodman et al., 2004, table 1
- ^ Personal communication from R. Dewer in Burness et al., 2001, table 1
- ^ Wroe et al., 2004, p. 297
- ^ Burness et al., 2001, table 1
- ^ Garbutt, 2007, p. 211
- ^ Goodman et al., 2003, pp. 1167–1168; 2004, pp. 140–141
- ^ Goodman et al., 2004, p. 138
- ^ Goodman, 2003, quoted in Colquhoun, 2006, p. 148
- ^ Goodman et al., 2004, pp. 138–140; Colquhoun, 2006, pp. 148, 156
- ^ Goodman, 2003, p. 1227
- ^ Alcover and McMinn, 1994, p. 14
- ^ Goodman et al., 2003, p. 1168; 2004, p. 141
- ^ Burney et al., 2004, p. 25
Literature cited
[edit]- Alcover, J.A.; McMinn, M. (1994). "Predators of Vertebrates on Islands". BioScience. 44 (1): 12–18. doi:10.2307/1312401. JSTOR 1312401.
- Burness, G.P.; Diamond, J.; Flannery, T. (2001). "Dinosaurs, dragons, and dwarfs: The evolution of maximal body size". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 98 (25): 14518–14523. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9814518B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251548698. JSTOR 3057309. PMC 64714. PMID 11724953.
- Burney, D.A.; Burney, L.P.; Godfrey, L.R.; Jungers, W.L.; Goodman, S.M.; Wright, H.T.; Jull, A.J.T. (2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (1–2): 25–63. Bibcode:2004JHumE..47...25B. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005. PMID 15288523.
- Colquhoun, I.C. (2006). "Predation and Cathemerality". Folia Primatologica. 77 (1–2): 143–165. doi:10.1159/000089701. PMID 16415583. S2CID 34211531.
- Garbutt, N. (2007). Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. A & C Black. ISBN 978-0-7136-7043-1.
- Goodman, S.M. (2003). "Predation on lemurs". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P. (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1221–1228. ISBN 0-226-30306-3.
- Goodman, S.M.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Rakotondravony, D. (2003). "Introduction to the mammals". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J.P. (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1159–1186. ISBN 0-226-30306-3.
- Goodman, S.M.; Rasoloarison, R.M.; Ganzhorn, J.U. (2004). "On the specific identification of subfossil Cryptoprocta (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar" (PDF). Zoosystema. 26 (1): 129–143. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2006.
- Hoffmann, M.; Hawkins, F. (2015). "Cryptoprocta spelea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015 e.T136456A45221489. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136456A45221489.en. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
- Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986). "Cryptoprocta ferox". Mammalian Species (254): 1–5. doi:10.2307/3503919. JSTOR 3503919.
- Lamberton, C. (1939). "Les Cryptoprocta fossiles". Mémoires de l'Académie malgache. 27: 155–193.
- Turvey, S.T. (2009). "In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene". In Turvey, Samuel T (ed.). Holocene Extinctions. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–40. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535095.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-953509-5.
- Wroe, S.; Field, J.; Fullagar, R.; Jermin, L.S. (2004). "Megafaunal extinction in the late Quaternary and the global overkill hypothesis" (PDF). Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 28 (1): 291–331. Bibcode:2004Alch...28..291W. doi:10.1080/03115510408619286. S2CID 84785550.
