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Cyclone Ditwah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cyclonic Storm Ditwah
Ditwah near peak intensity on 29 November
Meteorological history
Formed26 November 2025
Remnant low3 December 2025
Cyclonic storm
3-minute sustained (IMD)
Highest winds75 km/h (45 mph)
Lowest pressure1001 hPa (mbar); 29.56 inHg
Tropical storm
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds65 km/h (40 mph)
Lowest pressure1002 hPa (mbar); 29.59 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities611+
Injuries21+
Missing214+
Damage>$1.64 billion (2025 USD)
Areas affected
Part of the 2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

Cyclonic Storm Ditwah was a weak but catastrophic tropical cyclone that brought heavy rains to Sri Lanka and Southern India in late November and early December 2025. The fourteenth tropical depression and fourth cyclonic storm of the 2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season, Ditwah, originated from a well-marked low before steadily intensifying into a cyclonic storm and making landfall in Sri Lanka. Ditwah then moved off Sri Lanka and entered the Bay of Bengal, where it re-intensified and began to parallel the Coromandel Coast of India. On 30 November, the system began to weaken due to increasingly unfavorable conditions. It lingered off to the coast of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. It weakened into a deep depression later that day, and by 2 December, the system further weakened into a depression before becoming a post-tropical cyclone on 3 December.

Most of the impact of Ditwah was concentrated in Sri Lanka. The storm caused heavy flooding and landslides, killing over 600 people and causing over US$1.6 billion dollars of damage in the country. It was the deadliest disaster in the country since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Meteorological history

[edit]
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

At 18:00 UTC on 26 November 2025, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) began to track a depression formed from a well marked low just offshore the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka, due to favourable conditions such as high sea surface temperatures and mid-level vertical wind shear being low (10–15 knots).[1] The depression would intensify further, first into a deep depression at 00:00 UTC on 27 November, then into a Cyclonic Storm at 06:00 UTC, when it received the name Ditwah,[2] the name provided by Yemen, referring to the Detwah Lagoon on Socotra Island. Ditwah's clouds soon became increasingly organised into a curved band pattern.[2]

Over the next few days, Ditwah crossed Sri Lanka while maintaining cyclonic storm intensity, then moved into the Bay of Bengal on 29 November and headed northward. Ditwah slightly intensified once back over water, before beginning to weaken on 30 November due to increased wind shear, inflow of dry air, and cooler sea-surface temperatures. Later that day, Ditwah weakened to a deep depression at 12:00 UTC.[3][4][5] The system then continued to slowly parallel to the coast of Southern India as a Deep Depression into 1 December.[6] That evening at 18:00 UTC, Ditwah made a turn and began to travel southwestwards. By 2 December, Ditwah had weakened to a depression.[7] Ditwah became a well-marked low pressure area on 3 December before making a landfall on the North Tamil Nadu coast.[8]

Preparations

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Sri Lanka

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Government offices and schools were closed as heavy rains intensified, with the Ministry of Education confirming temporary nationwide closures and authorising university administrations to decide on higher-education shutdowns.[9][10][11]

Residents living near reservoirs were ordered to evacuate as water levels rose. The Disaster Management Centre issued advisories for communities downstream of the Mavil Aru tank in Trincomalee, where the bund later breached in several places.[12][13][14]

On 28 November, the President declared a nationwide state of public emergency to expedite disaster-response coordination and resource mobilisation.[15][16]

India

[edit]

The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued red alerts for parts of north Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, warning of extremely heavy rainfall and strong winds as the system tracked along the coast.[17]

Chennai International Airport pre-emptively cancelled dozens of flights, and schools and colleges were closed in affected districts.[18]

The National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) deployed multiple teams across Tamil Nadu and issued port and marine advisories in coordination with state authorities.[19]

Impact

[edit]
Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Missing Damage
Sri Lanka
608
18
214
 $1.6 billion
India
3
3
—
 >$40.6 million
Total 611 21 214 >$1.64 billion

Sri Lanka

[edit]

Heavy rains and landslides resulted in at least 607 deaths, 18 injuries, and 214 people missing, making Ditwah the deadliest natural disaster in Sri Lanka since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[20][21] A Sri Lanka Air Force Bell 212 helicopter crashed in Wennappuwa during relief operations, killing the pilot and injuring four others.[22]

Flooding and landslides destroyed 2,303 homes and damaged over 52,000 others nationwide.[23] Military units rescued 69 people from a flooded bus in Anuradhapura District.[24] The Mavil Aru bund breach caused flooding across Trincomalee District, while train services in hill regions were suspended after mud and debris blocked tracks.[25]

Power outages affected about 30 percent of the country, and major hydropower plants such as Kotmale and Rantambe were temporarily shut down. An estimated 1.46 million people (407,594 families) were affected, with 59,000 families sheltered in 1,529 emergency centres.[26] Cities along the Kelani River including Kaduwela, Kolonnawa, and Hanwella remained inundated for days after the storm.[26]

Economic loss estimates ranged from US$1.6 billion to as high as US$7 billion, according to Bloomberg, lawmakers, and government officials.[27][28][29]

India

[edit]

At least three people and 149 cattle were killed in rain-related incidents in Tamil Nadu, where Ditwah brought widespread flooding and agricultural losses. Two people died when walls collapsed in Thoothukudi and Thanjavur, and one in Mayiladuthurai from electrocution. About 57,000 hectares of farmland and 234 huts were damaged.[30] Preliminary losses in coastal Tamil Nadu were estimated at ₹3.5 billion (US$40.6 million).[31] Heavy rain also affected parts of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the latter experiencing a brief cold spell as temperatures dropped after the storm.[32][33]


Aftermath

[edit]
Indian Air Force Il-76MD and C-130J aircraft preparing for relief operations in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka declared a state of emergency and the Sri Lanka Armed Forces deployed 25,000+ personnel for relief work. This included SAR missions using Bell 212, Bell 206, Bell 412 and Mil Mi-17 helicopters, surveillance operations using KA-360ER and airlifting dry rations, HADR reequipments using Y-12 of the Sri Lanka Air Force, Unicorn/Uni Buffel vehicles, WMZ/BTR vehicles of the Sri Lanka Army and naval boats of the Sri Lanka Navy.[34][35][36][37]

While conducting disaster relief operations, a Sri Lanka Air Force Bell 212 helicopter crashed in the Wennappuwa area, killing the pilot and injuring four other Air Force personnel.[38] Five Sri Lanka Navy personnel died while conducting flood-mitigation operations in the Chundikkulam area.[39]

India sent two aircraft from the Indian Air Force to Sri Lanka: an Ilyushin Il-76MD and a Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules, with over 80 personnel and relief supplies and rescue equipment from the National Disaster Response Force to Colombo under Operation Sagar Bandhu.[40][41] It also dispatched two Aérospatiale Alouette III and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.[42] The Indian Navy also deployed the aircraft carrier INS Vikrant, and warships INS Udaygiri and INS Sukanya for search and rescue operations, the latter carrying relief materials.[43]

Pakistan deployed PNS Saif (F253)'s Harbin Z-9 for search and rescue operations in Sri Lanka. Pakistan also finalised arrangements to send relief aid and a rescue team to Sri Lanka. Pakistan Air Force C130 Aircraft arrived in Sri Lanka in 3 December with 47-member specialised Pakistan Army search and rescue unit, along with 6.5 tonnes of essential equipment,[44]

The United Arab Emirates Air Force sent two C-17 Globemaster III flights with a 76-member Emirati Humanitarian Relief Team, along with specialised rescue vehicles and essential relief supplies.[45]

SpaceX satellite internet service Starlink announced that it would provide free satellite internet to new and existing customers in areas of Sri Lanka and Indonesia affected by flooding from Cyclone Ditwah through the end of December 2025, and stated that it was working with the Sri Lankan government to support restoration of connectivity in badly hit districts.[46][47][48][49]

Humanitarian response

[edit]
Party Notes
Countries
Australia Australia pledged AU$1 million to support immediate response and recovery efforts in Sri Lanka following the devastating impacts of Cyclone Ditwah. Funding will be directed toward urgent relief for affected communities.[50]
 Bangladesh The Government of Bangladesh sent C130J of Bangladesh Air Force with humanitarian aid, essential relief items to Sri Lanka on 3 December. [51]
 China The Government of China announced a humanitarian aid package for Sri Lanka's disaster recovery efforts, reaffirming solidarity. The assistance includes US$1 million in cash and RMB10 million worth of relief supplies.[52]
Japan The Government of Japan decided to dispatch an assessment team to Sri Lanka through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in response to the massive damages in Sri Lanka caused by Cyclone Ditwah. The team, which consists of four members including JICA staff and medical personnel, will monitor medical needs on the ground, and coordinate the possible dispatch of a Japanese Disaster Relief team.[53]
  Nepal Nepal extended its condolences to Sri Lanka over the floods and announced US$200,000 in assistance for relief and recovery efforts. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying "Nepal stands firmly with Sri Lanka during this difficult time."[54]
 United Arab Emirates The UAE launched an urgent humanitarian response for Sri Lankan flood victims. Emirates Red Crescent and Joint Operations Command (JOC) coordinated the aid, which included search/rescue teams and delivery of essential supplies.[55] Three C-17 Globemaster III flights of United Arab Emirates Air Force and charted flight arrived with Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) team and relief cargo.[56][57]
 United Kingdom The UK pledged $890,000 (£675,000) in urgent humanitarian aid, delivered with the Red Cross and UN, for Sri Lanka's Cyclone Ditwah recovery. The aid provides essential life-saving supplies, including food, shelter, and medical care.[58]
United States The United States pledged $2 million to assist urgent relief efforts in Sri Lanka. In a post on X, US Ambassador to Sri Lanka Julie Chung stated: “Sri Lanka is facing difficult days as communities continue to be affected by Cyclone Ditwah, with heavy rains & flooding in many areas. The United States stands in solidarity with Sri Lanka. Today, we are committing $2 million to support urgent relief efforts.”[59]
Maldives Maldives Public Service Media (PSM), with 37 media outlets, held a live telethon from 30 November 2025 into 2 December, raising MVR 10,892,357.82 and USD 43,631.31.[60] PSM Managing Director Abdullah Yameen said funds had been deposited, with more expected from unopened boxes.[61] Donations came via a Bank of Maldives account and collection boxes in Malé, including contributions from the PNC parliamentary group, Bank of Maldives, Stelco, Sun Siyam Group, Road Development Corporation employees, and Crown & Champa Resorts.[61] The Government of Maldives pledged USD 50,000 and 25,000 cases of canned tuna.[62] Sri Lanka’s High Commissioner Mohamed Rizvi Hassen thanked the Maldives for its swift response.[61]
Organizations
United Nations United Nations entities such as UNICEF, the World Health Organization and the International Organization for Migration coordinated their disaster relief efforts with government agencies and humanitarian organisations to provide food, shelter and emergency assistance. The United Nations in Sri Lanka also called for the activiation of the emergency coordination system in order to mobilize its teams to support relief efforts.[63][64][65]
IFRC The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) launched an emergency appeal to help 500,000 people affected by the flooding, focusing on shelter, health and community support.[66]
Companies
Binance Binance Holdings Ltd., through its subsidiary Binance Charity, pledged LKR 61.6 million (USD 200,000) to the Sri Lanka Red Cross Society to support urgent relief and recovery efforts in the country.[67][68]

Records and statistics

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United Nations agencies and the IFRC characterised the flooding and landslides associated with Ditwah as among the worst disasters to affect Sri Lanka in recent decades, with between one and 1.5 million people impacted across the country. The catastrophe prompted large-scale evacuations, the opening of more than 1,500 emergency shelters, and multiple rounds of international appeals for relief and early recovery support.[69][70][71][72]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory" (PDF). rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in. 26 November 2025. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2025. Retrieved 27 November 2025.
  2. ^ a b "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Archived from the original on 27 November 2025. Retrieved 27 November 2025 – via the Internet Archive.
  3. ^ "DEMS-RSMC special tropical cyclones New Delhi dated 29.11.2025". mausam.imd.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 November 2025. Retrieved 29 November 2025.
  4. ^ "Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory". mausam.imd.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
  5. ^ "Cyclone". mausam.imd.gov.in. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. Retrieved 30 November 2025.
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  66. ^ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Sri Lanka: Tropical Cyclone Ditwah − Emergency Appeal №: MDRLK023", 4 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  67. ^ "Binance Charity Pledges around LKR 61.6 Million With Red Cross for Cyclone Ditwah Recovery in Sri Lanka". Binance. 1 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
  68. ^ "Binance Contributes LKR ~61.6 Million for Flood Relief in Sri Lanka". Ada Derana Biz. 2 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.
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  72. ^ "Support Flood Relief in Sri Lanka". Sri Lanka Muslim Association of California. 3 December 2025. Retrieved 5 December 2025.
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