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Declaration of Neutrality

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Not to be confused with Proclamation of Neutrality.
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The Declaration of Neutrality (German: Neutralitätserklärung) was a declaration by the Austrian Parliament declaring the country permanently neutral. It was enacted on 26 October 1955 as a constitutional act of parliament, i.e., as part of the Constitution of Austria.[1]

Pursuant to resolution of the Federal Assembly of Parliament following the Austrian State Treaty, Austria declared "its permanent neutrality of its own accord".[2] The second section of this law stated: "In all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory."[3]

History

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Formally, the declaration was promulgated voluntarily by the Republic of Austria. Politically, it was the direct consequence of the Allied occupation by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France between 1945 and 1955. Prior to that, Stalin's government in the USSR did not want to withdraw from its occupation zone in Austria, which included Vienna, and considered creating an pro-Soviet buffer State in Austria, similar to East Germany. The USSR finally agreed to withdraw its occupation forces from Austria only in 1955, after Nikita Khrushchev came to power and abandoned the Stalin’s policy of confrontation with the West in favor of peaceful co-existence.[4] [5] However, the Soviet Union refused to sign the Austrian State Treaty and to withdraw its troops, unless Austria had committed to declaring neutrality.[6][7] The actual withdrawal was completed on October 25, 1955, 90-days after the Austrian Parliament ratified the Austrian State Treaty, as an amendment to Article 9a of its 1920 Constitution.

Since 1955,[8][9] neutrality has become a deeply ingrained element of Austrian identity.[10] During the Cold War not only Austria maintained trade and other relations with Warsaw Pact and COMECON countries, but it also refused to implement the sanctions against South Rhodesia imposed by the United Nations in 1965.[11]

In 1995, prior to joining the European Union, Austria held a referendum on whether to approve constitutional amendments, allowing for such membership.[12] One of these amendments allowed Austria to participate the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the Union, while maintaining the country's general policy of permanent neutrality.[13]

In the following years, Austria opposed the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, did not join the "coalition of the willing",[14] and even banned the flights on NATO military planes over its territory,[15] because this operation was not authorized by the United Nations.

An opinion poll from March 2022 found that 76% favored Austria remaining neutral, versus 18% who supported joining NATO.[16]

Membership of Austria in the European Union (or its predecessor organizations) was controversial due to the Austrian constitutional commitment to neutrality, which could have been in contradiction with the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy. Austria only joined the bloc in 1995 together with Finland and Sweden which had also declared their neutrality in the Cold War, following a referendum on accession.[17][18]

In 1995, Austria joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program, but only after Russia had done so.[19][20]

The Bundesgesetzblatt containing the Federal Constitutional Law on the Neutrality of Austria

Austria's position on Russo-Ukrainian War

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A study, based on the data collected in the early 2020's concluded, that most Austrians had a sympathy to Ukraine and had a more favorable view of Ukrainian refuges, than of some other groups, who arrived to the country during the same period.[21] However, the majority of Austrians rejected the possibility of Austria joining NATO, even later in 2025.[22]

On March 30, 2023 Freedom Party politicians walked out of a speech delivered via a video-conference by Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the Austrian parliament on the 400th day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. They argued the speech violated Austria's neutrality and left placards reading "space for neutrality" and "space for peace" on their desks.[23]

On July 7, 2023 Austria joined the European Sky Shield Initiative created in 2022 as a reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The project would fund a European missile defense system. The government argued that, because their resources are being pooled with other countries, it is not a violation of their neutrality.[24]

International collaborations

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Austria engages in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. It participates in:

In 2023, Austria (and Switzerland) joined a coalition of European, mostly NATO-allied countries in the European Sky Shield Initiative (ESSI), which is a project to build an integrated air defence system with anti-ballistic missile capability.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "RIS - Neutralitätsgesetz § 0 - Bundesrecht konsolidiert". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
  2. ^ "1955 – State Treaty and Neutrality". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2018-05-20. Retrieved 2018-05-19.
  3. ^ "Federal Constitutional Law of October 26, 1955 on Austria's neutrality" (PDF).
  4. ^ Schattle, Margarete. Soviet Policy and the Austrian State Treaty (Thesis). University of Rhode Island.
  5. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (2008-07-18). "Austrian State Treaty, 1955". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  6. ^ Schattle, Margarete. Soviet Policy and the Austrian State Treaty (Thesis). University of Rhode Island.
  7. ^ K. Ginther, Neutralität und Neutralitätspolitik Die österreichische Neutralität zwischen Schweizer Muster und sowjetischer Koexistenzdoktrin, Vienna, 1975.
  8. ^ Bundesgesetzblatt für die Republik Österreich, 1955, de:Datei:Bundesgesetzblatt (Austria) 1955 1151.jpg
  9. ^ Pizzinini, Anna Maria (2024-01-10). Austria's Status of Neutrality: The Alpine State's Commitment to the Concept of Permanent Neutrality as a Small State Navigating Increased Global Tension (Thesis thesis).
  10. ^ Phillips, Rita Helena; Prinz, Wolfgang H.; Straub, Gloria C. (2025-03-27). "Understandings of neutrality and its origins in young Austrian adults". European Politics and Society: 1–24. doi:10.1080/23745118.2025.2482947. ISSN 2374-5118.
  11. ^ South African Democracy Education (2024-10-10). "The Road to Democracy in South Africa" (PDF). doi:10.4324/9781003587026. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ "A Brief Overview of the Austrian Legal Information System and Laws". GlobaLex | Foreign and International Law Research. Retrieved 2025-11-22.
  13. ^ Vodyanitskaya, E. A. (2009-12-28). "Constitutional basis of Austria's accession to the European Union". MGIMO Review of International Relations (6(9)): 111–119. doi:10.24833/2071-8160-2009-6-9-111-119. ISSN 2541-9099.
  14. ^ Österreich, Außenministerium der Republik. "Ministry for Foreign Affairs:Transport through the federal territory of Austria of material and/or troops for military actions against Iraq requires UN mandate". www.bmeia.gv.at. Retrieved 2025-11-22.
  15. ^ "Nation also bans military overflights : Austria bars U.S. troops from crossing country (Published 2003)". 2003-02-15. Retrieved 2025-11-22.
  16. ^ "UKRAINE-KRISE EINE ANALYSE DER STIMMUNG IN DER BEVÖLKERUNG AUS DER STUDIENREIHE "SO DENKT ÖSTERREICH"" (PDF). 2022-03-03.
  17. ^ Puntscher Riekmann, Sonja (2024), Kassim, Hussein; Schout, Adriaan (eds.), "Austria's EU Narrative: From Economic Pragmatism to Bold Self-Assertiveness", National Government Narratives of the EU, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 253–280, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-19986-8_10, ISBN 978-3-031-19985-1, retrieved 2025-11-02
  18. ^ Campos, Nauro F.; Coricelli, Fabrizio; Franceschi, Emanuele (February 2022). "Institutional integration and productivity growth: Evidence from the 1995 enlargement of the European Union". European Economic Review. 142 104014. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.104014. hdl:11365/1180336.
  19. ^ Fischer, Klemens H., ed. (2021). European Security Put to the Test: Perspectives and Challenges for the Next Decade. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG. doi:10.5771/9783748929796. ISBN 978-3-7489-2979-6.
  20. ^ Spero, Joshua B. (2023-07-14), Mayer, Sebastian (ed.), "Partnerships for Peace", Research Handbook on NATO, Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 280–295, doi:10.4337/9781839103391.00031, ISBN 978-1-83910-339-1, retrieved 2025-11-02
  21. ^ Ulrich, Martin (2025-05-12). "Unequally welcome: Austrians' differing attitudes towards Arab/Afghan and Ukrainian refugees. The impact of human values and perceived threat". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie. 50 (1). doi:10.1007/s11614-025-00604-7. ISSN 1862-2585.
  22. ^ Rubinson, Eyal (2025-04-15). "Holding the line: Austrian neutrality in the shadow of the war in Ukraine". Cooperation and Conflict. doi:10.1177/00108367251327685. ISSN 0010-8367.
  23. ^ Ireland, Conor Courtney | Law Society of; IE (2023-03-31). "Austria MPs walk out of Parliament to protest support of Ukraine in war against Russia". www.jurist.org. Retrieved 2025-11-02.
  24. ^ "Neutral Swiss and Austrians join Europe's Sky Shield defence". BBC News. 2023-07-07. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

Bibliography

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