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Global Gender Gap Report

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.[1]

Global Gender Gap Report 2020

It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[2]

According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take 131 years for the gender gap to close.[3][4]

Methodology

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The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries regarding the gender inequality in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics.

  • Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
  • Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
  • Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
  • Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.[6]

2025 Report

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The 2025 report covered 148 economies. Papua New Guinea and Trinidad and Tobago returned to the index, and Gabon was included for the first time.[7] Several countries that were ranked in previous editions, are not covered in the 2025 edition. These include Afghanistan (last ranked in 2023), Bahamas (2021), Cuba (2021), Iraq (2021), Malawi (2023), Mauritania (2021), Myanmar (2023), Qatar (2024), Russia (2021), Syria (2021), Venezuela (2021), and Yemen (2021).

rank Economy Score 2025[8]
1 Iceland 0.926
2 Finland 0.879
3 Norway 0.863
4 United Kingdom 0.838
5 New Zealand 0.827
6 Sweden 0.817
7 Moldova 0.813
8 Namibia 0.811
9 Germany 0.803
10 Ireland 0.801
11 Estonia 0.799
12 Spain 0.797
13 Australia 0.792
14 Denmark 0.791
15 Barbados 0.786
16 Costa Rica 0.786
17  Switzerland 0.785
18 Nicaragua 0.783
19 Lithuania 0.783
20 Philippines 0.781
21 Latvia 0.778
22 Chile 0.777
23 Mexico 0.776
24 Bangladesh 0.775
25 Ecuador 0.774
26 Serbia 0.774
27 Belgium 0.773
28 Trinidad and Tobago 0.772
29 Slovenia 0.770
30 Cape Verde 0.769
31 Guyana 0.768
32 Canada 0.767
33 South Africa 0.767
34 Portugal 0.767
35 France 0.765
36 Albania 0.763
37 Argentina 0.762
38 Jamaica 0.762
39 Rwanda 0.762
40 Liberia 0.760
41 Colombia 0.758
42 United States 0.756
43 Netherlands 0.756
44 Burundi 0.756
45 Poland 0.750
46 Eswatini 0.748
47 Singapore 0.748
48 Bolivia 0.747
49 Zimbabwe 0.747
50 Luxembourg 0.745
51 Panama 0.741
52 Suriname 0.738
53 Mozambique 0.738
54 Belarus 0.736
55 Tanzania 0.736
56 Austria 0.735
57 Peru 0.735
58 Madagascar 0.734
59 Armenia 0.731
60 Botswana 0.731
61 Dominican Republic 0.730
62 Ukraine 0.730
63 Georgia 0.729
64 Croatia 0.728
65 Mongolia 0.728
66 Thailand 0.728
67 Honduras 0.727
68 Malta 0.727
69 United Arab Emirates 0.724
70 Slovakia 0.723
71 Uruguay 0.720
72 Brazil 0.720
73 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.717
74 Vietnam 0.713
75 Ethiopia 0.710
76 Israel 0.709
77 Greece 0.709
78 El Salvador 0.709
79 Zambia 0.707
80 Uganda 0.707
81 Guatemala 0.706
82 Cyprus 0.706
83 Bulgaria 0.706
84 Montenegro 0.705
85 Italy 0.704
86 Timor-Leste 0.704
87 Paraguay 0.703
88 Ghana 0.703
89 Belize 0.702
90 North Macedonia 0.699
91 Gabon 0.699
92 Kazakhstan 0.698
93 Cameroon 0.697
94 Romania 0.697
95 Kyrgyzstan 0.696
96 Laos 0.692
97 Indonesia 0.692
98 Kenya 0.689
99 Lesotho 0.688
100 Azerbaijan 0.688
101 South Korea 0.687
102 Czech Republic 0.686
103 China 0.686
104 Bahrain 0.684
105 Hungary 0.684
106 Cambodia 0.682
107 Brunei 0.681
108 Malaysia 0.681
109 Vanuatu 0.679
110 Uzbekistan 0.678
111 Mauritius 0.677
112 Sierra Leone 0.677
113 Benin 0.676
114 Gambia 0.674
115 Comoros 0.672
116 Senegal 0.670
117 Angola 0.668
118 Japan 0.666
119 Bhutan 0.663
120 Burkina Faso 0.659
121 Togo 0.657
122 Jordan 0.655
123 Tunisia 0.654
124 Nigeria 0.649
125   Nepal 0.648
126 Fiji 0.647
127 Côte d'Ivoire 0.647
128 Kuwait 0.646
129 Tajikistan 0.646
130 Sri Lanka 0.645
131 India 0.644
132 Saudi Arabia 0.643
133 Papua New Guinea 0.638
134 Oman 0.637
135 Turkey 0.633
136 Lebanon 0.632
137 Morocco 0.628
138 Maldives 0.626
139 Egypt 0.625
140 Mali 0.617
141 Algeria 0.614
142 Niger 0.613
143 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.601
144 Guinea 0.595
145 Iran 0.583
146 Chad 0.571
147 Sudan 0.570
148 Pakistan 0.567

Global Gender Gap Index 2006-2025

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The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[9]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[10][11][12]

Location Year[13] ^
Country Region 2025[7] 2024[14] 2023[15] 2022 2021[16] 2020[17] 2018 2017 2016[18] 2015[19] 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006
Afghanistan South Asia N/A N/A 0.405 0.435 0.444 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Albania Europe 0.763 0.780 0.791 0.787 0.770 0.769 0.734 0.728 0.704 0.701 0.6869 0.6412 0.6655 0.6748 0.6726 0.6601 0.6591 0.6685 0.6607
Algeria Africa 0.614 0.612 0.573 0.602 0.633 0.634 0.629 0.629 0.642 0.632 0.6182 0.5966 0.6112 0.5991 0.6052 0.6119 0.6111 0.6068 0.6018
Angola Africa 0.668 0.668 0.656 0.638 0.657 0.660 0.633 0.640 0.643 0.637 0.6311 0.6659 N/A 0.6624 0.6712 0.6353 0.6032 0.6034 0.6039
Argentina South America 0.762 0.772 0.762 0.756 0.752 0.746 0.733 0.732 0.735 0.734 0.7317 0.7195 0.7212 0.7236 0.7187 0.7211 0.7209 0.6982 0.6829
Armenia West Asia 0.731 0.721 0.721 0.698 0.673 0.684 0.678 0.677 0.669 0.668 0.6622 0.6634 0.6636 0.6654 0.6669 0.6619 0.6677 0.6651 N/A
Australia Oceania 0.792 0.78 0.778 0.738 0.731 0.731 0.730 0.731 0.721 0.733 0.7409 0.7390 0.7294 0.7291 0.7271 0.7282 0.7241 0.7204 0.7163
Austria Europe 0.735 0.743 0.740 0.781 0.777 0.744 0.718 0.709 0.716 0.733 0.7266 0.7437 0.7391 0.7165 0.7091 0.7031 0.7153 0.7060 0.6986
Azerbaijan West Asia 0.688 0.685 0.692 0.687 0.688 0.687 0.680 0.676 0.684 0.675 0.6753 0.6582 0.6546 0.6577 0.6446 0.6626 0.6856 0.6781 N/A
Bahamas Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.725 0.720 0.741 0.743 0.729 0.728 0.7269 0.7128 0.7156 0.7340 0.7128 0.7179 N/A N/A N/A
Bahrain West Asia 0.684 0.666 0.666 0.632 0.632 0.629 0.627 0.632 0.615 0.644 0.6261 0.6334 0.6298 0.6232 0.6217 0.6136 0.5927 0.5931 0.5894
Bangladesh South Asia 0.775 0.689 0.722 0.714 0.719 0.726 0.721 0.719 0.698 0.704 0.6973 0.6848 0.6684 0.6812 0.6702 0.6526 0.6531 0.6314 0.6270
Barbados Central America 0.786 0.773 0.769 0.765 0.769 0.749 0.753 0.750 0.739 0.744 0.7289 0.7301 0.7232 0.7170 0.7176 0.7236 0.7188 N/A N/A
Belarus Europe 0.736 0.733 0.752 0.750 0.758 0.746 0.747 0.744 0.737 0.734 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Belgium Europe 0.773 0.793 0.796 0.793 0.789 0.750 0.738 0.739 0.745 0.753 0.7809 0.7684 0.7652 0.7531 0.7509 0.7165 0.7163 0.7198 0.7078
Belize Central America 0.702 0.696 0.696 0.695 0.699 0.671 0.662 0.692 0.676 0.668 0.6701 0.6449 0.6465 0.6489 0.6536 0.6636 0.6610 0.6426 N/A
Benin Africa 0.676 0.629 0.616 0.612 0.653 0.658 0.654 0.652 0.636 0.625 N/A 0.5885 0.6258 0.5832 0.5719 0.5643 0.5582 0.5656 0.5780
Bhutan South Asia 0.663 0.651 0.682 0.637 0.639 0.635 0.638 0.638 0.642 0.646 0.6364 0.6651 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Bolivia South America 0.747 0.746 0.730 0.734 0.722 0.734 0.748 0.758 0.746 0.749 0.7049 0.7340 0.7222 0.6862 0.6751 0.6693 0.6667 0.6574 0.6335
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0.717 0.710 0.698 0.710 0.713 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Botswana Africa 0.731 0.73 0.719 0.719 0.716 0.709 0.715 0.720 0.715 0.710 0.7129 0.6752 0.6744 0.6832 0.6876 0.7071 0.6839 0.6797 0.6897
Brazil South America 0.720 0.716 0.726 0.696 0.695 0.691 0.681 0.684 0.687 0.686 0.6941 0.6949 0.6909 0.6679 0.6655 0.6695 0.6737 0.6637 0.6543
Brunei Darussalam Southeast Asia 0.681 0.684 0.693 0.680 0.678 0.686 0.686 0.671 0.669 0.684 0.6719 0.6730 0.6750 0.6787 0.6748 0.6524 0.6392 N/A N/A
Bulgaria Europe 0.706 0.723 0.715 0.740 0.746 0.727 0.756 0.756 0.726 0.722 0.7444 0.7097 0.7021 0.6987 0.6983 0.7072 0.7077 0.7085 0.6870
Burkina Faso Africa 0.659 0.661 0.676 0.659 0.651 0.635 0.629 0.646 0.64 0.651 0.6500 0.6513 0.6455 0.6153 0.6162 0.6081 0.6029 0.5912 0.5854
Burundi Africa 0.756 0.757 0.763 0.777 0.769 0.745 0.741 0.755 0.768 0.748 0.7565 0.7397 0.7338 0.7270 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Cambodia Southeast Asia 0.682 0.685 0.695 0.690 0.685 0.694 0.683 0.676 0.658 0.662 0.6520 0.6509 0.6457 0.6464 0.6482 0.6410 0.6469 0.6353 0.6291
Cameroon Africa 0.697 0.693 0.693 0.692 0.692 0.686 0.714 0.689 0.684 0.682 N/A 0.6560 0.6291 0.6073 0.6110 0.6108 0.6017 0.5919 0.5865
Canada North America 0.767 0.761 0.77 0.772 0.772 0.772 0.771 0.769 0.731 0.740 0.7464 0.7425 0.7381 0.7407 0.7372 0.7196 0.7136 0.7198 0.7165
Cape Verde Africa 0.769 0.755 0.761 0.736 0.716 0.725 0.702 0.686 0.729 0.717 0.7133 0.7122 0.7180 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Chad Africa 0.571 0.576 0.570 0.579 0.593 0.596 0.580 0.575 0.587 0.580 0.5764 0.5588 0.5594 0.5334 0.5330 0.5417 0.5290 0.5381 0.5247
Chile South America 0.777 0.781 0.777 0.736 0.716 0.723 0.717 0.704 0.699 0.698 0.6975 0.6670 0.6676 0.7030 0.7013 0.6884 0.6818 0.6482 0.6455
China East Asia 0.686 0.684 0.678 0.682 0.682 0.676 0.673 0.674 0.676 0.682 0.6830 0.6908 0.6853 0.6866 0.6881 0.6907 0.6878 0.6643 0.6561
Colombia South America 0.758 0.745 0.751 0.710 0.725 0.758 0.729 0.731 0.727 0.725 0.7122 0.7171 0.6901 0.6714 0.6927 0.6939 0.6944 0.7090 0.7049
Comoros Africa 0.672 0.663 0.664 0.631 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Costa Rica Central America 0.786 0.785 0.793 0.796 0.786 0.782 0.749 0.727 0.736 0.732 0.7165 0.7241 0.7225 0.7266 0.7194 0.7180 0.7111 0.7014 0.6936
Côte d'Ivoire Africa 0.647 N/A N/A 0.632 0.637 0.606 0.627 0.611 0.597 0.606 0.5874 0.5814 0.5785 0.5773 0.5691 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Croatia Europe 0.728 0.723 0.730 N/A 0.733 0.720 0.712 0.711 0.7 0.708 0.7075 0.7069 0.7053 0.7006 0.6939 0.6944 0.6967 0.7210 0.7145
Cuba Central America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.746 0.746 0.749 0.745 0.74 0.740 0.7317 0.7540 0.7417 0.7394 0.7253 0.7176 0.7195 0.7169 N/A
Cyprus West Asia 0.706 0.705 0.678 0.696 0.707 0.692 0.684 0.684 0.684 0.671 0.6741 0.6801 0.6732 0.6567 0.6642 0.6706 0.6694 0.6522 0.6430
Czech Republic Europe 0.686 0.684 0.685 0.710 0.711 0.706 0.693 0.688 0.69 0.687 0.6737 0.6770 0.6767 0.6789 0.6850 0.6789 0.6770 0.6718 0.6712
Democratic Republic of the Congo Africa 0.601 0.609 0.612 0.575 0.576 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Denmark Europe 0.791 0.789 0.78 0.764 0.768 0.782 0.778 0.776 0.754 0.767 0.8025 0.7779 0.7777 0.7778 0.7719 0.7628 0.7538 0.7519 0.7462
Dominican Republic Central America 0.730 0.706 0.704 0.703 0.699 0.700 0.701 0.697 0.676 0.686 0.6906 0.6867 0.6659 0.6682 0.6774 0.6859 0.6744 0.6705 0.6639
Ecuador South America 0.774 0.788 0.737 0.743 0.739 0.729 0.729 0.724 0.726 0.738 0.7455 0.7389 0.7206 0.7035 0.7072 0.7220 0.7091 0.6881 0.6433
Egypt Africa 0.625 0.629 0.626 0.635 0.639 0.629 0.614 0.608 0.614 0.599 0.6064 0.5935 0.5975 0.5933 0.5899 0.5862 0.5832 0.5809 0.5786
El Salvador Central America 0.709 0.695 0.714 0.727 0.738 0.706 0.690 0.705 0.702 0.706 0.6863 0.6609 0.6630 0.6567 0.6596 0.6939 0.6875 0.6853 0.6837
Estonia Europe 0.799 0.774 0.782 0.733 0.733 0.751 0.734 0.731 0.747 0.749 0.7017 0.6997 0.6977 0.6983 0.7018 0.7094 0.7076 0.7008 0.6944
Eswatini Africa 0.748 0.744 0.745 0.728 0.729 N/A N/A 0.670 0.665 0.670 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ethiopia Africa 0.710 0.709 0.711 0.710 0.691 0.705 0.656 0.656 0.662 0.640 0.6144 0.6198 0.6200 0.6136 0.6019 0.5948 0.5867 0.5991 0.5946
Fiji Oceania 0.647 0.642 0.65 0.676 0.674 0.678 0.669 N/A N/A 0.645 0.6286 0.6286 0.6285 0.6255 0.6256 0.6414 N/A N/A N/A
Finland Europe 0.879 0.875 0.863 0.860 0.861 0.832 0.821 0.823 0.845 0.850 0.8453 0.8421 0.8451 0.8383 0.8260 0.8252 0.8195 0.8044 0.7958
France Europe 0.765 0.781 0.756 0.791 0.784 0.781 0.779 0.778 0.755 0.761 0.7588 0.7089 0.6984 0.7018 0.7025 0.7331 0.7341 0.6824 0.6520
Gambia, The Africa 0.674 0.679 0.651 0.641 0.644 0.628 0.642 0.649 0.667 0.674 N/A N/A 0.6630 0.6763 0.6762 0.6752 0.6622 0.6421 0.6448
Georgia West Asia 0.729 0.716 0.708 0.731 0.732 0.708 0.677 0.679 0.681 0.687 0.6855 0.6750 0.6691 0.6624 0.6598 0.6680 0.6654 0.6665 0.6700
Germany Europe 0.803 0.81 0.815 0.801 0.796 0.787 0.776 0.778 0.766 0.779 0.7780 0.7583 0.7629 0.7590 0.7530 0.7449 0.7394 0.7618 0.7524
Ghana Africa 0.703 0.701 0.688 0.672 0.666 0.673 0.688 0.695 0.705 0.704 0.6661 0.6811 0.6778 0.6811 0.6782 0.6704 0.6679 0.6725 0.6653
Greece Europe 0.709 0.714 0.693 0.689 0.689 0.701 0.696 0.692 0.68 0.685 0.6784 0.6782 0.6716 0.6916 0.6908 0.6662 0.6727 0.6648 0.6540
Guatemala Central America 0.706 0.697 0.659 0.664 0.655 0.666 0.668 0.667 0.666 0.667 0.6821 0.6304 0.6260 0.6229 0.6238 0.6209 0.6072 0.6144 0.6067
Guinea Africa 0.595 0.601 0.617 0.647 0.660 0.642 0.656 0.659 0.64 0.618 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Guyana South America 0.768 0.765 N/A 0.752 0.728 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.702 0.7010 0.7085 0.7119 0.7084 0.7090 0.7108 N/A N/A N/A
Honduras Central America 0.727 0.726 0.735 0.705 0.716 0.722 0.706 0.711 0.69 0.688 0.6935 0.6773 0.6763 0.6945 0.6927 0.6893 0.6960 0.6661 0.6483
Hungary Europe 0.684 0.686 0.689 0.699 0.688 0.677 0.674 0.670 0.669 0.672 0.6759 0.6742 0.6718 0.6642 0.6720 0.6879 0.6867 0.6731 0.6698
Iceland Europe 0.926 0.935 0.912 0.908 0.892 0.877 0.858 0.878 0.874 0.881 0.8594 0.8731 0.8640 0.8530 0.8496 0.8276 0.7999 0.7836 0.7813
India South Asia 0.644 0.641 0.643 0.629 0.625 0.668 0.665 0.669 0.683 0.664 0.6455 0.6551 0.6442 0.6190 0.6155 0.6151 0.6060 0.5936 0.6011
Indonesia Southeast Asia 0.692 0.686 0.697 0.697 0.688 0.700 0.691 0.691 0.682 0.681 0.6725 0.6613 0.6591 0.6594 0.6615 0.6580 0.6473 0.6550 0.6541
Iran West Asia 0.583 0.579 0.575 0.576 0.582 0.584 0.589 0.583 0.587 0.580 0.5811 0.5842 0.5927 0.5894 0.5933 0.5839 0.6021 0.5903 0.5803
Iraq West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.535 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Ireland Europe 0.801 0.802 0.795 0.804 0.800 0.798 0.796 0.794 0.797 0.807 0.7850 0.7823 0.7839 0.7830 0.7773 0.7597 0.7518 0.7457 0.7335
Israel West Asia 0.709 0.699 0.701 0.727 0.724 0.718 0.722 0.721 0.719 0.712 0.7005 0.7032 0.6989 0.6926 0.6957 0.7019 0.6900 0.6965 0.6889
Italy Europe 0.704 0.703 0.705 0.720 0.721 0.707 0.706 0.692 0.719 0.726 0.6973 0.6885 0.6729 0.6796 0.6765 0.6798 0.6788 0.6498 0.6456
Jamaica Central America 0.762 0.655 0.650 0.749 0.741 0.735 0.724 0.717 0.724 0.703 0.7128 0.7085 0.7035 0.7028 0.7037 0.7013 0.6980 0.6925 0.7014
Japan East Asia 0.666 0.758 0.779 0.650 0.656 0.652 0.662 0.657 0.66 0.670 0.6584 0.6498 0.6530 0.6514 0.6524 0.6447 0.6434 0.6455 0.6447
Jordan West Asia 0.655 0.663 0.647 0.639 0.683 0.623 0.605 0.604 0.603 0.593 0.5968 0.6093 0.6103 0.6117 0.6048 0.6182 0.6275 0.6203 0.6109
Kazakhstan Central Asia 0.698 0.652 0.646 0.719 0.710 0.710 0.712 0.713 0.718 0.719 0.7210 0.7218 0.7213 0.7010 0.7055 0.7013 0.6976 0.6983 0.6928
Kenya Africa 0.689 0.710 0.721 0.729 0.692 0.671 0.700 0.694 0.702 0.719 0.7258 0.6803 0.6768 0.6493 0.6499 0.6512 0.6547 0.6508 0.6486
Korea, Rep. East Asia 0.687 0.712 0.708 0.689 0.687 0.672 0.657 0.650 0.649 0.651 0.6403 0.6351 0.6356 0.6281 0.6342 0.6146 0.6154 0.6409 0.6157
Kuwait West Asia 0.646 0.636 0.651 0.632 0.621 0.650 0.630 0.679 0.624 0.646 0.6457 0.6292 0.6320 0.6322 0.6318 0.6356 0.6358 0.6409 0.6341
Kyrgyz Republic Central Asia 0.696 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.681 0.689 0.691 0.691 0.687 0.693 0.6974 0.6948 0.7013 0.7036 0.6973 0.7058 0.7045 0.6653 0.6742
Laos Southeast Asia 0.692 0.700 0.733 0.733 0.750 0.731 0.748 0.703 N/A 0.713 0.7044 0.6993 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Latvia Europe 0.778 0.773 0.794 0.771 0.778 0.785 0.758 0.756 0.755 0.752 0.7691 0.7610 0.7572 0.7399 0.7429 0.7416 0.7397 0.7333 0.7091
Lebanon West Asia 0.632 0.632 0.628 0.644 0.638 0.599 0.595 0.596 0.598 0.598 0.5923 0.6028 0.6030 0.6083 0.6084 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Lesotho Africa 0.688 0.691 0.702 0.700 0.698 0.695 0.693 0.695 0.706 0.706 0.7255 0.7530 0.7608 0.7666 0.7678 0.7495 0.7320 0.7078 0.6807
Liberia Africa 0.760 0.754 0.76 0.709 0.693 0.685 0.681 0.669 0.652 0.652 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Lithuania Europe 0.783 0.793 0.800 0.799 0.804 0.745 0.749 0.742 0.744 0.740 0.7208 0.7308 0.7191 0.7131 0.7132 0.7175 0.7222 0.7234 0.7077
Luxembourg Europe 0.745 0.744 0.747 0.736 0.726 0.725 0.712 0.706 0.734 0.738 0.7333 0.7410 0.7439 0.7216 0.7231 0.6889 0.6802 0.6786 0.6671
North Macedonia Europe 0.699 0.727 0.711 0.716 0.715 0.711 0.707 0.702 0.696 0.701 0.6943 0.7013 0.6968 0.6966 0.6996 0.6950 0.6914 0.6967 0.6983
Madagascar Africa 0.734 0.720 0.737 0.735 0.725 0.719 0.691 0.692 0.704 0.698 0.7214 0.7016 0.6982 0.6797 0.6713 0.6732 0.6736 0.6461 0.6385
Malawi Africa N/A N/A 0.676 0.632 0.671 0.664 0.662 0.672 0.7 0.701 0.7281 0.7139 0.7166 0.6850 0.6824 0.6738 0.6664 0.6480 0.6437
Malaysia Southeast Asia 0.681 0.668 0.682 0.681 0.676 0.677 0.676 0.670 0.666 0.655 0.6520 0.6518 0.6539 0.6525 0.6479 0.6467 0.6442 0.6444 0.6509
Maldives South Asia 0.626 0.633 0.649 0.648 0.642 0.646 0.662 0.669 .65 0.652 0.6557 0.6604 0.6616 0.6480 0.6452 0.6482 0.6501 0.6350 N/A
Mali Africa 0.617 0.604 0.605 0.601 0.591 0.621 0.582 0.583 0.591 0.599 0.5779 0.5872 0.5842 0.5752 0.5680 0.5860 0.6117 0.6019 0.5996
Malta Europe 0.727 0.723 0.713 0.703 0.703 0.693 0.686 0.682 0.664 0.668 0.6707 0.6761 0.6666 0.6658 0.6695 0.6635 0.6634 0.6615 0.6518
Mauritania Africa N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.606 0.614 0.607 0.614 0.624 0.613 0.6029 0.5810 0.6129 0.6164 0.6152 0.6103 0.6117 0.6022 0.5835
Mauritius Africa 0.677 0.683 0.689 0.679 0.679 0.665 0.663 0.664 0.652 0.646 0.6541 0.6599 0.6547 0.6529 0.6520 0.6513 0.6466 0.6487 0.6328
Mexico North America 0.776 0.768 0.765 0.764 0.757 0.754 0.721 0.692 0.7 0.699 0.6900 0.6917 0.6712 0.6604 0.6577 0.6503 0.6441 0.6441 0.6462
Moldova Europe 0.813 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.768 0.757 0.733 0.740 0.741 0.742 0.7405 0.7037 0.7101 0.7083 0.7160 0.7104 0.7244 0.7172 0.7128
Mongolia East Asia 0.728 0.705 0.704 0.715 0.716 0.706 0.714 0.713 0.705 0.709 0.7212 0.7204 0.7111 0.7140 0.7194 0.7221 0.7049 0.6731 0.6821
Montenegro Europe 0.705 0.718 0.714 0.732 0.732 0.710 0.706 0.693 0.681 0.689 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Morocco Africa 0.628 0.628 0.621 0.624 0.612 0.605 0.607 0.598 0.597 0.593 0.5988 0.5845 0.5833 0.5804 0.5767 0.5926 0.5757 0.5676 0.5827
Mozambique Africa 0.738 0.776 0.778 0.752 0.758 0.723 0.721 0.741 0.75 0.741 0.7370 0.7349 0.7350 0.7251 0.7329 0.7195 0.7266 0.6883 N/A
Myanmar Southeast Asia N/A N/A 0.650 0.677 0.681 0.665 0.690 0.691 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Namibia Africa 0.811 0.805 0.802 0.807 0.809 0.784 0.789 0.777 0.765 0.760 0.7219 0.7094 0.7121 0.7177 0.7238 0.7167 0.7141 0.7012 0.6864
  Nepal South Asia 0.648 0.664 0.659 0.692 0.683 0.680 0.671 0.664 0.661 0.658 0.6458 0.6053 0.6026 0.5888 0.6084 0.6213 0.5942 0.5575 0.5478
Netherlands Europe 0.756 0.775 0.777 0.767 0.762 0.736 0.747 0.737 0.756 0.776 0.7730 0.7608 0.7659 0.7470 0.7444 0.7490 0.7399 0.7383 0.7250
New Zealand Oceania 0.827 0.835 0.856 0.841 0.840 0.799 0.801 0.791 0.781 0.782 0.7772 0.7799 0.7805 0.7810 0.7808 0.7880 0.7859 0.7649 0.7509
Nicaragua Central America 0.783 0.811 0.811 0.810 0.796 0.804 0.809 0.814 0.78 0.776 0.7894 0.7715 0.7697 0.7245 0.7176 0.7002 0.6747 0.6458 0.6566
Niger Africa 0.613 0.628 0.622 0.635 0.629 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Nigeria Africa 0.649 0.65 0.637 0.639 0.627 0.635 0.621 0.641 0.643 0.638 0.6391 0.6469 0.6315 0.6011 0.6055 0.6280 0.6339 0.6122 0.6104
Norway Europe 0.863 0.875 0.879 0.845 0.849 0.842 0.835 0.830 0.842 0.850 0.8374 0.8417 0.8403 0.8404 0.8404 0.8227 0.8239 0.8059 0.7994
Oman West Asia 0.637 0.628 0.614 0.609 0.608 0.602 0.605 N/A 0.612 0.604 0.6091 0.6053 0.5986 0.5873 0.5950 0.5938 0.5960 0.5903 N/A
Pakistan South Asia 0.567 0.570 0.575 0.564 0.556 0.564 0.550 0.546 0.556 0.559 0.5522 0.5459 0.5478 0.5583 0.5465 0.5458 0.5549 0.5509 0.5434
Panama Central America 0.741 0.742 0.724 0.743 0.737 0.730 0.722 0.722 0.721 0.772 0.7195 0.7164 0.7122 0.7042 0.7072 0.7024 0.7095 0.6954 0.6935
Papua New Guinea Oceania 0.638 N/A N/A N/A 0.635 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Paraguay South America 0.703 0.707 0.695 0.707 0.702 0.683 0.672 0.678 0.676 0.666 0.6890 0.6724 0.6714 0.6818 0.6804 0.6868 0.6379 0.6659 0.6556
Peru South America 0.735 0.755 0.764 0.749 0.721 0.714 0.720 0.719 0.687 0.683 0.7198 0.6787 0.6742 0.6796 0.6895 0.7024 0.6959 0.6624 0.6619
Philippines Southeast Asia 0.781 0.779 0.791 0.783 0.784 0.781 0.799 0.790 0.786 0.790 0.7814 0.7832 0.7757 0.7685 0.7654 0.7579 0.7568 0.7629 0.7516
Poland Europe 0.750 0.740 0.722 0.709 0.713 0.736 0.728 0.728 0.727 0.715 0.7051 0.7031 0.7015 0.7038 0.7037 0.6998 0.6951 0.6756 0.6802
Portugal Europe 0.767 0.787 0.765 0.766 0.775 0.744 0.732 0.734 0.737 0.731 0.7243 0.7056 0.7071 0.7144 0.7171 0.7013 0.7051 0.6959 0.6922
Qatar West Asia N/A 0.640 0.627 0.617 0.624 0.629 0.629 0.626 0.643 0.645 0.6403 0.6299 0.6264 0.6230 0.6059 0.5907 0.5948 0.6041 N/A
Romania Europe 0.697 0.717 0.697 0.698 0.700 0.724 0.711 0.708 0.69 0.693 0.6936 0.6908 0.6859 0.6812 0.6826 0.6805 0.6763 0.6859 0.6797
Russia Europe N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.708 0.706 0.701 0.696 0.691 0.694 0.6927 0.6983 0.6980 0.7037 0.7036 0.6987 0.6994 0.6866 0.6770
Rwanda Africa 0.762 0.757 0.794 0.811 0.805 0.791 0.804 0.822 0.8 0.794 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Saudi Arabia West Asia 0.643 0.647 0.637 0.636 0.603 0.599 0.590 0.584 0.583 0.605 0.6059 0.5879 0.5731 0.5753 0.5713 0.5651 0.5537 0.5647 0.5242
Senegal Africa 0.670 0.679 0.680 0.668 0.684 0.684 0.682 0.684 0.685 0.698 0.6912 0.6923 0.6657 0.6573 0.6414 0.6427 N/A N/A N/A
Serbia Europe 0.774 0.779 0.76 0.779 0.780 0.736 0.730 0.727 0.72 0.720 0.7086 0.7116 0.7037 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Sierra Leone Africa 0.677 0.708 0.667 0.672 0.655 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Singapore Southeast Asia 0.748 0.744 0.739 0.734 0.727 0.724 0.707 0.702 0.712 0.711 0.7046 0.7000 0.6989 0.6914 0.6914 0.6664 0.6625 0.6609 0.6550
Slovakia Europe 0.723 0.731 0.72 0.717 0.712 0.718 0.693 0.694 0.679 0.675 0.6806 0.6857 0.6824 0.6797 0.6778 0.6845 0.6824 0.6797 0.6757
Slovenia Europe 0.770 0.766 0.773 0.744 0.741 0.743 0.784 0.805 0.786 0.784 0.7443 0.7155 0.7132 0.7041 0.7047 0.6982 0.6937 0.6842 0.6745
South Africa Africa 0.767 0.785 0.787 0.782 0.781 0.780 0.755 0.756 0.764 0.759 0.7527 0.7510 0.7496 0.7478 0.7535 0.7709 0.7232 0.7194 0.7125
Spain Europe 0.797 0.797 0.791 0.788 0.788 0.795 0.746 0.746 0.738 0.742 0.7325 0.7266 0.7266 0.7580 0.7554 0.7345 0.7281 0.7444 0.7319
Sri Lanka South Asia 0.645 0.653 0.663 0.670 0.670 0.680 0.676 0.669 0.673 0.686 0.6903 0.7019 0.7122 0.7212 0.7458 0.7402 0.7371 0.7230 0.7199
Suriname South America 0.738 0.739 0.736 0.737 0.729 0.707 0.695 0.689 0.679 0.670 0.6504 0.6369 0.6409 0.6395 0.6407 0.6726 0.6674 0.6794 N/A
Sweden Europe 0.817 0.816 0.815 0.822 0.823 0.820 0.822 0.816 0.815 0.823 0.8165 0.8129 0.8159 0.8044 0.8024 0.8139 0.8139 0.8146 0.8133
 Switzerland Europe 0.785 0.785 0.783 0.795 0.798 0.779 0.755 0.755 0.776 0.785 0.7798 0.7736 0.7672 0.7627 0.7562 0.7426 0.7360 0.6924 0.6997
Syria West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.568 0.5775 0.5661 0.5626 0.5896 0.5926 0.6072 0.6181 0.6216 N/A
Tajikistan Central Asia 0.646 0.673 0.672 0.663 0.650 0.626 0.638 0.678 0.679 0.675 0.6654 0.6682 0.6608 0.6526 0.6598 0.6661 0.6541 0.6578 N/A
Tanzania Africa 0.736 0.734 0.740 0.719 0.707 0.713 0.704 0.700 0.716 0.718 0.7182 0.6928 0.7091 0.6904 0.6829 0.6797 0.7068 0.6969 0.7038
Thailand Southeast Asia 0.728 0.72 0.711 0.709 0.710 0.708 0.702 0.694 0.699 0.706 0.7027 0.6928 0.6893 0.6892 0.6910 0.6907 0.6917 0.6815 0.6831
Timor-Leste Southeast Asia 0.704 0.704 0.693 0.730 0.720 0.662 0.638 0.628 0.637 N/A N/A N/A 0.6855 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Togo Africa 0.657 0.71 0.696 0.697 0.683 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Trinidad and Tobago Central America 0.772 N/A N/A N/A 0.749 0.756 N/A N/A 0.723 0.720 0.7154 0.7166 0.7116 0.7372 0.7353 0.7298 0.7245 0.6859 0.6797
Tunisia Africa 0.654 0.668 0.642 0.643 0.649 0.644 0.648 0.651 0.636 0.634 0.6272 N/A N/A 0.6255 0.6266 0.6233 0.6295 0.6283 0.6288
Turkey West Asia 0.633 0.645 0.638 0.639 0.638 0.635 0.628 0.625 0.623 0.624 0.6183 0.6081 0.6015 0.5954 0.5876 0.5828 0.5853 0.5768 0.5850
Uganda Africa 0.707 0.706 0.706 0.724 0.717 0.717 0.724 0.721 0.704 0.708 0.6821 0.7086 0.7228 0.7220 0.7169 0.7067 0.6981 0.6833 0.6797
Ukraine Europe 0.730 0.722 0.714 0.707 0.714 0.721 0.708 0.705 0.7 0.702 0.7056 0.6935 0.6894 0.6861 0.6869 0.6896 0.6856 0.6790 0.6797
United Arab Emirates West Asia 0.724 0.713 0.712 0.716 0.716 0.655 0.642 0.649 0.639 0.646 0.6436 0.6372 0.6392 0.6454 0.6397 0.6198 0.6220 0.6184 0.5919
United Kingdom Europe 0.838 0.789 0.792 0.780 0.775 0.767 0.744 0.770 0.752 0.758 0.7383 0.7440 0.7433 0.7462 0.7460 0.7402 0.7366 0.7441 0.7365
United States North America 0.756 0.747 0.748 0.769 0.763 0.724 0.720 0.718 0.722 0.740 0.7463 0.7392 0.7373 0.7412 0.7411 0.7173 0.7179 0.7002 0.7042
Uruguay South America 0.720 0.715 0.714 0.711 0.702 0.737 0.715 0.710 0.681 0.679 0.6871 0.6803 0.6745 0.6907 0.6897 0.6936 0.6907 0.6608 0.6549
Vanuatu Oceania 0.679 0.673 0.678 0.670 0.625 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Venezuela South America N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.699 0.713 0.709 0.706 0.694 0.691 0.6851 0.7060 0.7060 0.6861 0.6863 0.6839 0.6875 0.6797 0.6664
Vietnam Southeast Asia 0.713 0.715 0.711 0.705 0.701 0.700 0.698 0.698 0.7 0.687 0.6915 0.6863 0.6867 0.6732 0.6776 0.6802 0.6778 0.6889 N/A
Yemen West Asia N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.492 0.494 0.499 0.516 0.516 0.484 0.5145 0.5128 0.5054 0.4873 0.4603 0.4609 0.4664 0.4510 0.4595
Zambia Africa 0.707 0.697 0.699 0.723 0.726 0.731 N/A N/A N/A 0.650 0.6364 0.6312 0.6279 0.6300 0.6293 0.6310 0.6205 0.6288 0.6360
Zimbabwe Africa 0.747 0.740 0.746 0.734 0.732 0.730 0.721 0.717 0.71 0.709 0.7013 N/A N/A 0.6607 0.6574 0.6518 0.6485 0.6464 0.6461

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

[edit]
1. Economic participation and opportunity
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Labour force participation 1.0 0.199 0.199
Wage equality for similar work 1.0 0.310 0.310
Estimated earned income 1.0 0.221 0.221
Legislators, senior officials and managers 1.0 0.149 0.149
Professional and technical workers 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
2. Educational attainment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Literacy rate 1.0 0.191 0.191
Enrolment in primary education 1.0 0.459 0.459
Enrolment in secondary education 1.0 0.229 0.229
Enrolment in tertiary education 1.0 0.121 0.121
Sum 1.0 1.0
3. Health and survival
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Sex ratio at birth 0.944[22] 0.693 0.654
Healthy life expectancy 1.060[23] 0.307 0.325
Sum 1.0 0.980
4. Political empowerment
Ratio Limit[20] Weight[21] Value
Women in parliament 1.0 0.310 0.310
Women in ministerial positions 1.0 0.247 0.247
Years with female head of state 1.0 0.443 0.443
Sum 1.0 1.0
Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity 1.000
2. Educational attainment 1.000
3. Health and survival 0.980
4. Political empowerment 1.000
Sum 3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

Criticisms and challenges

[edit]
Cover of the 2008 report

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[18]

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[24]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary discussed several limitations of the Index. For example, in the current ranking methodology, no country can, by definition, be more favorable for women than for men. This causes the Index to undervalue issues that disproportionately men.[25] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[16]

See also

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Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  2. ^ a b 2008 Report, p. 24
  3. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  4. ^ "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  5. ^ 2014 report, page 5
  6. ^ 2008 Report, p. 5
  7. ^ a b "Gender Gap Report 2025". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-10-05. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  8. ^ Saadia Zahidi; Yanjun Guo; Silja Baller, eds. (2025). The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 13. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  9. ^ 2016 Report, Page 6
  10. ^ Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  11. ^ "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
  12. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.
  13. ^ Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.
  14. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2024". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-09-30. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  15. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-09-01. Retrieved 2025-11-28.
  16. ^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  17. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  19. ^ "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  20. ^ a b c d The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
  21. ^ a b c d GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
  22. ^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
  23. ^ GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
  24. ^ Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
  25. ^ Stoet, Gijsbert; Geary, David C. (2019-01-03). "A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality". PLOS ONE. 14 (1) e0205349. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205349. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6317789. PMID 30605478.
[edit]

Reports

[edit]
  • Saadia Zahidi; Yanjun Guo; Silja Baller, eds. (2025). The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 13. Retrieved 2025-12-01.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • The Global Gender Gap Report 2011 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Saadia Zahidi, eds. (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF) (Report). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
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