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Hamas–Popular Forces conflict

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Hamas–Popular Forces conflict
Part of Palestinian internal political violence and Societal breakdown in the Gaza Strip during the Gaza war

Popular Forces influence in the Gaza Strip
DateMay 2024 – present
Location
Gaza Strip, Palestine
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 Eastern Rafah and eastern Khan Yunis come under the control of the Popular Forces;[4][5][6] the Ashraf al-Mansi group claims control over parts of northern Gaza as of 14 October 2025[7]
Belligerents
Palestine Popular Forces administration
Israel
Supported by:
Counter-Terrorism Strike Force administration[1][2]		 Palestine Hamas government
Supported by:
Palestine Palestinian Joint Operations Room[3]
Palestine Abu Suneima family
Commanders and leaders
Palestine Yasser Abu Shabab †
Palestine Ghassan Duhine (WIA)[8]
Palestine Issam Nabahin
Palestine Ashraf al-Mansi
Palestine Ahmad Zidan al-Tarabin Executed[9]
Palestine Hassan Abu Shabab
Popular Forces Shawqi Abu Nasira		 Palestine Izz al-Din al-Haddad
Units involved
Casualties and losses
70+ militants killed[a] ~16 policemen and fighters killed
15 Palestinian civilians killed

The Hamas–Popular Forces conflict is an ongoing civil conflict in the Gaza Strip that began in May 2024. It involves clashes between the Hamas-led government in Gaza and the Popular Forces, a Palestinian militia backed by Israel and allegedly linked to the Islamic State (IS).

Background

Main article: Popular Forces

The Popular Forces is a Palestinian anti-Hamas armed group active in the Gaza Strip and led by Yasser Abu Shabab.[19] The Popular Forces are Israeli-backed and allegedly IS-linked.[20][21][22][23]

The group, which has been described as a gang or militia,[24] is made up of approximately 300 men who operate in eastern Rafah[25][24] and eastern Khan Yunis.[26] A semi-independent militia in the northern Gaza Strip, led by Ashraf al-Mansi, also reportedly operates as part of the Popular Forces.[27] Israeli support for the Popular Forces was only revealed in June 2025, but the group has been active since the beginning of the Rafah offensive in May 2024.[28]

Husam al-Astal, leader of the Counter-Terrorism Strike Force, an Israeli-backed militant group in the Gaza Strip, claims the support of a variety of other anti-Hamas Gazan militias including the Popular Forces, the Popular Army – Northern Forces and the Popular Defense Forces to work towards "Project New Gaza".[29][30]

Timeline

2024

May

The start of Israel's Rafah offensive in May 2024 marked the beginning of Popular Forces activity.[28]

September

In September 2024, Hamas attempted to ambush and assassinate Abu Shabab by firing approximately 90 bullets at a vehicle they thought belonged to him. The vehicle actually belonged to Islam Hijazi, an aid worker of charity organization named Heal Palestine, she was killed in this incident.[31]

November

On 16 November 2024, Israeli-backed Popular Forces raided a convoy of 109 United Nations aid trucks and looted 98 of them. The raid occurred near Israeli military installations at the Kerem Shalom border crossing in the Gaza Strip.[32] The perpetrators, who according to a UN memo may have had "protection" from the IDF, threw grenades and held truck drivers at gunpoint, forcing them to unload their aid. The incident further exacerbated the Gaza humanitarian crisis caused by the war.[33][34][35] The incident has been described by the UNRWA as "one of the worst" incidents of its kind.[36]

On 18 November, a Hamas security unit reported they carried out a "military operation" against the looters in Khan Yunis and Rafah, killing at least 20 of the perpetrators.[37] Abu Shabab was not in the area at the time, but his brother was killed.[38]

2025

January

In January, Hamas executed one of Abu Shabab's senior aides.[39]

May

In May 2025, the Popular Forces were reported to be securing aid convoys, including vehicles of the United Nations and the Red Cross. Hamas accused Abu Shabab of being a collaborator with Israel, claiming his group operated behind earth berms securing humanitarian entry routes under an American humanitarian aid initiative. According to reports, his forces were escorting convoys from the Kerem Shalom crossing, armed with AK-47 rifles allegedly provided by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF).[40][41][42] On 30 May, Hamas published a video which it claimed showed its members targeting undercover IDF soldiers with an IED. Per some Palestinian media reports, the men belonged to the Popular Forces.[43]

June

On 5 June, Israel revealed it has been backing the Popular Forces. The Israeli opposition legislator Avigdor Lieberman alleged that the Popular Forces is affiliated with IS.[44][45] In a video published by the militia, Abu Shabab claimed his group was in control of eastern Rafah after expelling Hamas forces.

On June 9, 2025, Popular Forces gunmen together with the IDF were accused of opening fire at a crowd of Palestinians that were walking to an Israel-US supported aid distribution centre run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, killing approximately 6 people.[46] Other sources said that the gunfire killed 14 Palestinians and injured about 100 people. The Associated Press reported that Popular Forces opened fire at a group of men who tried to organize a crowd, causing nearby people to "push forward". One eyewitness said that it "was an ambush", adding: "The Israelis from one side and Abu Shabab from another". This incident was part of a broader series of shootings of Palestinians, which killed approximately 127 people.[47][48] That same day, Hamas forces ambushed a car transporting Issam Nabahin, capturing him. Nabahin is one of the three Popular Forces commanders, after his capture, Hamas would charge him with espionage and murder.[49][50]

Sometime during the second week of June, four Hamas fighters were killed in "the first Israeli strike on Gaza whose sole objective was to assist the Abu Shabab militia".[51]

On June 10, Popular Forces ambushed a special Hamas unit named Arrow Unit, which specializes in executing collaborators with Israel. Popular Forces claimed to have killed 5 Arrow Unit members using anti-aircraft launchers.[52][53] On June 11, Gaza Humanitarian Foundation reported that a bus transporting its employees was ambushed by Hamas, killing approximately 5 aid workers, leaving others wounded or possibly taken hostage. Hamas would later accuse the victims of the attack of being members of Abu Shabab's militia.[54] That same day, Popular Forces ambushed and killed 6 officers of Hamas' Arrow Unit,[55][56] and the Popular Forces reported that at least 50 of their militants were killed across armed clashes between them and Hamas.[56][51] Also on that day, per Hamas-linked media, an Israeli drone bombed Nabahin's detention cell and his fate was reported to be "unclear". Then, on 18 June, he posted a video on Facebook confirming he was alive and heading to southern Gaza.[57]

Reuters reported that as of 27 June the group was in control of eastern Rafah and has freedom of movement in the wider Rafah area.[58] Later that day, the Popular Forces seized control of the Nasser Hospital in Khan Yunis after a gunbattle with Hamas forces.[59]

July

On 2 July, the Hamas-run Ministry of the Interior published a statement ordering the Popular Forces militia leader, Yasser Abu Shabab, to turn himself in and face trial on several charges including charges of treason and collaborating with hostile entities. The order warned that if Shabab did not surrender within 10 days, he would be considered a fugitive and tried in absentia. Popular forces responded in a statement questioning the legitimacy of the court and describing the order as "a sitcom that doesn't frighten us, nor does it frighten any free man with dignity who loves his homeland and its dignity".[60][61]

On 5 July, the Palestinian Joint Operations Room accused Yasser Abu Shabab of "operating to protect the occupation's interests".[62]

On 6 July, Abu Shabab admitted that the Popular Forces had Israeli backing, a month after Israel first revealed it was supporting the group.[63]

On 27 July, a new Hamas affiliated unit, the "Rad'a Force", executed six Popular Forces militants in Khan Yunis. The group denied any of its members had been attacked.[64][65]

August

By August, Issam Nabahin was back in Popular Forces-controlled eastern Rafah after escaping Hamas custody.[57]

September

On 21 September, a Palestinian official said that Hamas-led authorities have executed three men who allegedly had ties with Abu Shabab after they were accused of collaborating with Israel.[66] The execution took place on a street outside of Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza City.[67]

On 28 September, a Popular Forces operative was executed by Hamas forces.[68]

October

Following the ceasefire in the Gaza Strip on 10 October, Hamas forces began killing and arresting members of rival armed groups, including the Popular Forces, throughout the territory.[69] Hamas forces redeployed in Jabalia and its refugee camp, where they reportedly launched a violent crackdown on the local militia led by Ashraf al-Mansi, which reportedly operates as part of the Popular Forces.[70]

On 13 October, Hamas forces publicly executed Ahmad Zidan al-Tarabin, reportedly responsible for recruiting agents for the Popular Forces.[71]

On 14 October, the al-Mansi group released a video where he denied that a Hamas crackdown had taken place, announced that his group managed to take control of several areas in northern Gaza, and warned Hamas forces against approaching their territories.[7]

On 21 October, the Rad'a Force reportedly arrested a number of Popular Forces militants and confiscated equipment in an operation described as "a severe blow" to the group.[72]

November

On 26 November, Abu Shabab said that four Hamas militants surrendered to his men in Rafah. He also published a video in which one of the militants admit involvements in Hamas activities. A local Gaza channel said that the militants were handed over to the IDF.[73]

In November 2025, a female doctor named Tasneem al-Hams stated that in October 2025, she was abducted by members of the Popular Forces in Khan Yunis before she was handed over to Israeli forces and transferred to Ashkelon. Al-Hams was later released in Khan Yunis on 27 November.[74]

In November 2025, an anti-Hamas group led by Shawqi Abu Nasira was revealed to be active in Eastern Khan Yunis, Abu Nasira was rejected by his family for allegedly collaborating with the Popular Forces.[75][2][76]

December

Main article: 2025 Rafah ambush

The Popular Forces reportedly took an individual hostage from the Abu Suneima family a local family.[77] Following the hostage taking, the local family responded by attacking a Popular Forces base in Rafah which caused heavy casualties on both sides.[78] The attackers allegedly chanted pro-Hamas slogans.[79] Leader of the Popular Forces, Yasser Abu Shabab, succumbed to his wounds while being transported to the Soroka Medical Center in southern Israel;[80] the hospital has denied that he died under their care.[81][82] Deputy Commander of the group, Ghassan Duhine, was also wounded in action.[83][84][85]

Following Yasser Abu Shabab's death, Ghassan Duhine proclaimed himself the new leader of the Popular Forces.[86]

See also

References

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Notes

  1. ^ Sources:[16][17][18]
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