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List of Anseriformes by population

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The population of birds
Lists

Accipitriformes (hawks, eagles, vultures, and kites)
Anseriformes (waterfowl)
Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds)
Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives)
Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives)
Ciconiiformes (storks and relatives)
Columbiformes (doves and pigeons)
Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives)
Cuculiformes (cuckoos and relatives)
Falconiformes (falcons and relatives)
Galliformes (gamebirds)
Gaviiformes (loons or divers)
Gruiformes (cranes and relatives)
Passeriformes (perching birds)
Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives)
Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos)
Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)
Podicipediformes (grebes)
Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels)
Psittaciformes (parrots)
Sphenisciformes (penguins)
Strigiformes (owls)
Struthioniformes (ratites)
Tinamiformes (tinamous)
Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals)
Key

Conservation status

  Extinct in the wild (EW)
  Critically endangered (CR)
  Endangered (EN)
  Vulnerable (VU)
  Near threatened (NT)
  Least concern (LC)
  Data deficient (DD)
Related
Lists of organisms by population
Lists of mammals by population
List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
List of extinct birds
Lists of birds by region

This is a list of Anseriformes species by global population. Where possible, estimates are given for both the population of mature individuals, and the total global population.

Anseriformes (Anser being Latin for "goose") is the taxonomic order to which the ducks, geese, swans, and screamers belong. BirdLife International has assessed 166 species; 89 (54% of total species) have had their population estimated.[needs update] A variety of methods are used for counting waterfowl. For example, in North America, national and sub-national agencies use planes and helicopters to make aerial transects of breeding populations, and extrapolate these counts over the species' known ranges. Methodologies are continuously being refined; thus estimates can be expected to become more accurate over time. Forecasts can be made by studying habitat condition trends and by interviewing local experts.[1] For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology.

The first two birds in this list, the pink-headed duck and crested shelduck, retain a status of Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List but may be extinct. The last sighting of the former occurred in 1948-1949, but some dispute this date and argue the species was last reliably documented in the 1930s, 1923, or 1910.[2][3] The last pink-headed ducks in captivity died in the 1940s.[2] Unconfirmed reports from Myanmar provide some hope this species is still extant.[2]

The last confirmed reporting of the crested shelduck was in 1964 near Vladivostok. A disputed record from North Korea was claimed in March 1971. Unconfirmed reports from Northeast China are the best chance this species is still extant.[4] To be assessed as Critically Endangered, a species must have experienced a decline of at least 80% in the past ten years or three generations, or be projected to decline that much in the future ten years or three generations.[5] Some species included in this list are rapidly approaching their minimum viable population (MVP)[citation needed], at which point the species would become functionally extinct.

Extinct species:

  • Réunion shelduck or Réunion sheldgoose; Alopochen kervazoi: known only from fossils; extinct by 1710.[6]
  • Mauritian shelduck or Mauritius sheldgoose; Alopochen mauritania: described by Johannes Pretorius (as sheldgoose) in 1669; extinct by 1698.[7][8]
  • Amsterdam duck or Amsterdam wigeon; Mareca marecula: known from fossils, extinct by 1793 due to hunting and introduced rats.[9][10]
  • Mauritian duck or Mascarene teal; Anas theodori: early explorers described "a great number of grey teal" on Mauritius in 1681, which may have referred to this bird.[11] Last reported in 1696.[12]
  • Mariana mallard; Anas oustaleti: considered by some taxonomists to be a subspecies of the mallard or American black duck. Last known individual died in captivity in 1981.[13]
  • Finsch's duck; Chenonetta finschi: once very abundant, went extinct between 1250-1860.[14][15]
  • Labrador duck; Camptorhynchus labradorius: hunted to extinction; last seen in 1875.[16]
  • Auckland Island merganser or New Zealand merganser; Mergus australis: hunted to extinction; last recorded in 1902.[17]

Species by global population

[edit]
Common name Binomial name Population Status Trend Notes Image
Pink-headed duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea 0-49[2] CR[2] ?[2] May be extinct. No documented sightings have occurred since the early 20th century.[2]

Rhodonessa_Caryophyllacea_Pink_headed_duck_India

Crested shelduck Tadorna cristata 1-49[18] CR[18] ?[18] May be extinct. Last reliable sighting occurred in 1964.[19]
Madagascar pochard Aythya innotata 30-50[20] CR[20] Steady[20] Rediscovered in 2006. Best estimate of current mature individuals is 45.[20]
Brazilian merganser Mergus octosetaceus 50-249[21] CR[21] Decrease[21] This is a precautionary estimate. Actual population may exceed this estimate.[21]
Baer's pochard Aythya baeri 150-700[22] CR[22] Decrease[22]
Andaman teal Anas albogularis 1,000-2,500[23] NT[23] Steady[23] Estimate is for mature individuals only; numbers may be higher.[23]
White-winged duck Asarcornis scutulata 150-450[24] CR[24] Decrease[24]
Auckland teal Anas aucklandica 330-1,700

1,000-1,700[25]

NT[25] Steady[25] First given estimate is obtained from considering multiple counts over the years. The second is purely the 2021 estimate.[25]
Campbell teal Anas nesiotis > c. 500[26] VU[26] Steady[26] No formal count has been conducted. This is an opportunistic estimate.[26]
Laysan duck Anas laysanensis 500-680[27] CR[27] Increase[27] The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service estimated in 2022 that total population contains 1413 individuals between populations on Laysan, Midway, and Kure.[28]

Laysan_Duck_pair_on_Eastern_Island_on_Midway_Atoll_(14997442439)

Bernier's teal Anas bernieri 630-1,900[29] EN[29] Decrease[29] Total population is not given. This estimate for mature individuals is based on multiple counts.[29]
Blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos 1,500-2,499[30] EN[30] Decrease[30]
Meller's duck Anas melleri 1,300-3,300[31] EN[31] Decrease[31] Total population estimated at 2,000-5,000 individuals.[31]
Hawaiian duck Anas wyvilliana 700-999[32] VU[32] Increase[32] Total population estimated at 751-1,185 individuals.[32]
Northern screamer Chauna chavaria 60,000-130,000[33] LC[33] Steady[33] Total population estimated at 100,000-200,000 individuals.[33]
Brown teal Anas chlorotis 1,600-2,200[34] NT[34] Increase[34] Total population estimated at 2,400-3,400 individuals.[34]
Bronze-winged duck Speculanas specularis 2,500-9,999[35] NT[35] Decrease[35] Population size has not been directly estimated. Number of mature individuals likely toward lower end of estimate.[35]
Nene Branta sandvicensis 1,700-2,200[36] NT[36] Increase[36]
Salvadori's teal Salvadorina waigiuensis >10,000[37] LC[37] ?[37] Population size has not been quantified. Estimate given is based on extremely rough estimates for LC classification.[37]
Scaly-sided merganser Mergus squamatus 2,000-3,500[38] EN[38] Decrease[38]
Blue-winged goose Cyanochen cyanoptera 3,000-7,000[39] NT[39] Decrease[39]
New Zealand scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae 20,000-100,000[40] LC[40] Increase[40]
Philippine duck Anas luzonica 15,000-30,000[41] LC[41] Steady[41] Total population is estimated to fall between 20,000 and 40,000 from post-2020 censuses.[41]
Chubut steamer duck Tachyeres leucocephalus 3,400-3,700[42] VU[42] Decrease[42] Total population estimated at 5,300-5,600 individuals from a count in 2011.[42]
Maccoa duck Oxyura maccoa 4,800-5,700[43] EN[43] Decrease[43] Estimate from observations in East and South Africa.[43]
White-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala 5,300-8,700[44] EN[44] Decrease[44] Total population estimated at 7,900-20,000 individuals based on separate metrics. A large portion of the population (central Asia) is likely not recorded.[44]
West Indian whistling duck Dendrocygna arborea 6,000-15,000[45] NT[45] Decrease[45] Total population conservatively estimated at 10,000-19,999 individuals.[45]
Andean teal Anas andium 20,000-30,000[46] LC[46] Decrease[46] Total population estimated at <40,000 individuals.[46] [

Anas_andium_Garceta_barcina_Andean_Teal_(8277653772)

Spotted whistling duck Dendrocygna guttata 6,700-17,000[47] LC[47] Steady[47] Total population estimated at 10,000-25,000 individuals.[47]
Coscoroba swan Coscoroba coscoroba 7,000-19,999[48] LC[48] Steady [48] Total population estimated at 10,000-25,000 individuals.[48]
Magellanic steamer duck Tachyeres pteneres 6,700-67,000[49] LC[49] Steady[49] There is little to no evidence of any declines in population, so assumed to be stable. There is no total population estimate.[49]

Tachyeres_pteneres_(Fuegian_Steamer_Duck_-_Magellan-Dampfschiffente)_-_Weltvogelpark_Walsrode_2012-10

Sunda teal Anas gibberifrons 10,000-100,000[50] LC[50] ?[50] Total population is unknown.[50]
Freckled duck Stictonetta naevosa 7,300-17,000[51] LC[51] Steady[51] Total population estimated at 11,000-26,000 individuals.[51]
Flying steamer duck Tachyeres patachonicus 7,300-18,000[52] LC[52] Decrease[52] Global population is estimated at 11,000-26,000 individuals. Falkland Islands population is estimated at 600–1,200 total birds.[52]
White-backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus 8,500-20,000[53] LC[53] Decrease[53] Total population estimated at 13,000-30,000 individuals.[53]
Orinoco goose Neochen jubata 15,000-40,000[54] LC[54] Decrease[54]
Cape Barren goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 11,000-12,000[55] LC[55] Steady[55] Total population estimated at 16,000-18,000 individuals.[55]
Torrent duck Merganetta armata 13,300-23,500[56] LC[56] Decrease[56] Total population estimated at 20,000-35,200 individuals.[56]
Musk duck Biziura lobata 20,000-49,999[57] LC[57] Decrease[57] Total population estimated at 10,000-60,000 individuals.[57]
Cape shoveler Spatula smithii 13,300-33,300[58] LC[58] Increase[58] Total population estimated at 20,000-50,000 individuals.[58]
Blue-billed duck Oxyura australis 11,000-19,000c. 15,000[59] LC[59] Steady[59] 15,000 is the best estimate, with the full range also given.[59]
Lesser white-fronted goose Anser erythropus 16,000-27,000[60] VU[60] Decrease[60] Global population estimated at 24,000-40,000 individuals.[60] Current European breeding population estimated ~420 birds.[61]
Masked duck Nomonyx dominicus 16,000-200,000[62] LC[62] Steady[62] These are extreme estimates due to uncertainty on population.[62]
Lake duck Oxyura vittata 25,000-100,000[63] LC[63] Steady[63] Values given are total estimated population size.[63]
Ringed teal Callonetta leucophrys 25,000-100,000[64] LC[64] Decrease[64] Values given are total estimated population size.[64]
Comb duck Sarkidiornis sylvicola 16,700-66,700[65] LC[65] Decrease[65] Total population estimated at 25,000-100,000 individuals.[65]
Hartlaub's duck Pteronetta hartlaubii 16,700-73,300[66] LC[66] Decrease[66] Total population estimated at 25,001-110,000 individuals.[66]
Eaton's pintail Anas eatoni 30,000-40,000[67] LC[67] Decrease[67] Total population is estimated at 45,000-60,000 in Kergeulen Islands; additional 1,800-2,100 in Crozet Islands.[67]
Andean duck Oxyura ferruginea 23,300-73,300[68] LC[68] Decrease[68] Total population is estimated at 35,000-110,000 individuals.[68]
Red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis 19,000-48,000[69] VU[69] Decrease[69] Best estimate for breeding population is 33,000. Total population estimated to be 28,100-72,600.[69][70]
Ruddy-headed goose Chloephaga rubidiceps 28,500-54,700[71] LC[71] Steady[71] Total population is estimated at 42,744-82,000 individuals.[71]
Red-breasted merganser Mergus serrator 495,000-605,000[72] LC[72] Steady[72] Values given are total estimated population size.[72] European breeding populations are classified as Near Threatened.[73]
Trumpeter swan Cygnus buccinator 50,000[74] LC[74] Increase[74] Total population is estimated at 76,000 individuals.[74]

Trumpeter_swan_(91399)

Marbled duck Marmaronetta angustirostris 10,000-42,000[75] NT[75] Decrease[75] Total population is estimated at 15,000-61,250 individuals. Species counts come from four discrete flyways, some of which are outdated.[75]
Muscovy duck Cairina moschata 50,000-499,999[76] LC[76] Decrease[76] Values given are total estimated population size.[76]
Swan goose Anser cygnoides 36,000-43,500[77] EN[77] Decrease[77] Total population is estimated at 54,400 individuals.[77]
Mandarin duck Aix galericulata 65,000-66,000[78] LC[78] Decrease[78] Values given are total estimated population size. Estimate is collated from four national populations.[78]
Emperor goose Anser canagicus 90,000-120,000[79] LC[79] Increase[79] Total population is estimated at 158,000 individuals.[79]
Falcated duck Mareca falcata 87,000-100,000[80] LC[80] Steady[80] Total population is estimated at 132,500-150,000 individuals.[80]
Black swan Cygnus atratus 100,000-1,000,000[81] LC[81] Steady[81] Values given are total estimated population size.[81]
Pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus 100,000-499,999[82] LC[82] Increase[82] Best estimate for breeding population is 387,000.

Total population is estimated to be 580,000 individuals.[82]

2019-03-25_Anser_brachyrhynchus,_Killingworth_Lake,_Northumberland_1

Smew Mergellus albellus 58,700-144,000[83] LC[83] ?[83] Total population is estimated to be 88,000-216,000 individuals.[83]
Steller's eider Polysticta stelleri 130,000-150,000[84] VU[84] Decrease[84] Values given are total estimated population size.[84]
Cotton pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus 83,300-741,000[85] LC[85] ?[85] Total population is estimated to be 125,002-1,111,000 individuals.[85]
Velvet scoter Melanitta fusca 141,000-268,000[86] VU[86] Decrease[86] Total population is estimated to be 210,000-400,000 individuals.[86]

Melanitta_fusca_(cropped)

Indian spot-billed duck Anas poecilorhyncha 73,300-133,000[87] LC[87] ?[87] Total population is estimated to be 110,000-200,000 individuals.[87]

Indian_Spot-billed_Duck_Karanji_Mysore_Dec23_A7C_08345

Mute swan Cygnus olor 167,000-231,000[88] LC[88] Increase[88]
Ruddy shelduck Tadorna ferruginea 170,000-220,000[89] LC[89] ?[89] European population is estimated at 33,900-53,100 mature individuals.[89]
Barrow's goldeneye Bucephala islandica 175,000-200,000[90] LC[90] Steady[90] European population is 1,600-1,800 mature individuals, North American population is 180,000 mature individuals, but Alaskan population is unknown.[90]
Whooper swan Cygnus cygnus > c. 180,000[91] LC[91] ?[91] Europe has approx. 50,600-65,500 mature individuals, and Russia has 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs.[91]
Ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca 180,000-240,000[92] NT[92] Decrease[92]
Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa 180,000-1,200,000[93] LC[93] ?[93] This is for the total population only. The population has decreased significantly over the last fifty years.[93]
Harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus 190,000-380,000[94] LC[94] Increase[94] Russian estimate is 10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and 4,000-7,000 pairs in Europe.[94]
Lesser whistling duck Dendrocygna javanica 200,000-2,000,000[95] LC[95] Decrease[95]
Black-bellied whistling duck Dendrocygna autumnalis 200,000-2,000,000[96] LC[96] Increase[96]
Spectacled eider Somateria fischeri 250,000[97] NT[97] Decrease[97]
Surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata 250,000-1,300,000[98] LC[98] Decrease[98]
Tundra swan Cygnus columbianus 317,000-336,000[99] LC[99] ?[99] European breeding population is 10,000-12,000 mature individuals.[99]
Black scoter Melanitta americana 350,000-560,000[100] NT[100] Decrease[100] Black scoter barnegat lighthouse sp 2.18.23 DSC 3079-topaz-denoiseraw-sharpen
Cinnamon teal Spatula cyanoptera 380,000[101] LC[101] Decrease[101] A Pair of Cinnamon Teal (8600075301)
Siberian scoter Melanitta stenjnegeri 400,000-700,000[102] LC[102] Decrease[102] Melanitta stejnegeri 110567157
Common shelduck Tadorna tadorna 415,000-500,000[103] LC[103] Increase[103]
Red-crested pochard Netta rufina 420,000-600,000[104] LC[104] ?[104] Estimate includes European population at 55,100-86,000 mature individuals.[104]
Brant goose Branta bernicla 490,000[105] LC[105] ?[105] European population is 3,000-3,600 mature individuals.[105]
White-winged scoter Melanitta deglandi 600,000-1,000,000[106] LC[106] Decrease[106]
Bean goose Anser fabalis 680,000-800,000[107] LC[107] Decrease[107]
Canvasback Aythya valisineria 690,000[108] LC[108] Increase[108]
American black duck Anas rubripes 700,000[109] LC[109] Decrease[109] No global population estimate given.[109]
Common pochard Aythya ferina 760,000-790,000[110] VU[110] Decrease[110]
King eider Somateria spectabilis 800,000-900,000[111] LC[111] Decrease[111]
Barnacle goose Branta leucopsis 880,000[112] LC[112] Increase[112]
Eastern spot-billed duck Anas zonorhyncha 800,000-1,600,000[113] LC[113] Decrease[113] This is for the total population- no mature individuals estimate is given.[113]
Magpie goose Anseranas semipalmata 1,000,000[114] LC[114] Steady[114]
Rosy-billed pochard Netta peposaca 1,000,000[115] LC[115] Increase[115]
Grey teal Anas gracilis 1,000,000-1,100,000[116] LC[116] Decrease[116] This is the total population estimate. Estimate for mature individuals is not given.[116]
Greylag goose Anser anser 1,000,000-1,100,000[117] LC[117] Increase[117] European population is 519,000-853,000 mature individuals[117]
Common scoter Melanitta nigra 1,070,000[118] LC[118] ?[118] European population estimated at 214,000-263,000 mature individuals.[118] Melanitta nigra (cropped)
Hooded merganser Lophodytes cucullatus 1,100,000[119] LC[119] Increase[119]
Redhead Aythya americana 1,200,000[120] LC[120] Increase[120]
Greater scaup Aythya marila 4,900,000-5,199,999[121] LC[121] Decrease[121]
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola 1,300,000[122] LC[122] Increase[122]
Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor 1,300,000-1,500,000[123] LC[123] Decrease[123]
Common eider Somateria mollissima 1,580,000-1,910,000[124] LC[124] ?[124]
Common merganser Mergus merganser 1,700,000-2,400,000[125] LC[125] ?[125] European population is 134,000-206,000 mature individuals.[125]
White-faced whistling duck Dendrocygna viduata 1,700,000-2,800,000[126] LC[126] Increase[126]
Ring-necked duck Aythya collaris 2,000,000[127] LC[127] Increase[127]
Ross's goose Anser rossii 2,100,000[128] LC[128] Increase[128]
Garganey Anas querquedula 2,600,000-2,800,000[129] LC[129] Decrease[129] European population includes 704,000-1,050,000 mature individuals.[129]
Tufted duck Aythya fuligula 2,600,000-2,900,000[130] LC[130] Steady[130]
American wigeon Mareca americana 2,700,000[131] LC[131] Decrease[131]
Common goldeneye Bucephala clangula 2,700,000-4,700,000[132] LC[132] Steady[132] Russian population is 100,000-1,000,000 breeding pairs, and European population is 977,000-1,250,000 mature individuals.[132]
Common teal Anas crecca 2,800,000[133] LC[133] ?[133] European population estimated at 1,110,000-1,830,000 mature individuals. No global estimate given.[133]
Eurasian wigeon Mareca penelope 2,800,000-3,300,000[134] LC[134] Decrease[134] European population estimated at 9377,000-1,290,000 mature individuals.[134]
Greater white-fronted goose Anser albifrons 3,100,000-3,200,000[135] LC[135] ?[135]
Long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis 3,200-000-3,750,000[136] VU[136] Decrease[136]
Green-winged teal Anas carolinensis 3,900,000[137] LC[137] Increase[137] No total population given.[137]
Gadwall Mareca strepera 4,300,000-4,900,000[138] LC[138] Increase[138] Global population is estimated a 4,300,000-4,900,000 individuals, with the European population containing 151,000-250,000 mature individuals.[138]
Lesser scaup Aythya affinis 3,700,000[139] LC[139] Steady[139]
Cackling goose Branta hutchinsii 4,500,000[140] LC[140] Increase[140]
Wood duck Aix sponsa 4,600,000[141] LC[141] Increase[141]
Northern pintail Anas acuta 4,700,000-4,800,000[142] LC[142] Decrease[142] Total population is estimated at 7,100,000-7,200,000 individuals. European population includes 419,000-539,000 mature individuals.[142]
Canada goose Branta canadensis 5,000,000-6,200,000[143] LC[143] Increase[143]
Northern shoveler Anas clypeata 4,300,000-4,700,000[144] LC[144] Decrease[144] Global population is estimated at 6,500,000-7,000,000 total individuals, and the European population contains 340,000-466,000 mature individuals.[144]
Blue-winged teal Spatula discors 7,800,000[145] LC[145] Increase[145] There is no total population for this estimation- only one for the number of mature individuals.[145]
Snow goose Anser caerulescens 16,000,000[146] LC[146] Increase[146] European estimate is 2,000-4,000 mature individuals.[146]
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos > c. 19,000,000[147] LC[147] Increase[147] European population estimated at 5,700,000-9,220,000 mature individuals.[147]


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (20 July 2012). "Waterfowl Population Status, 2012" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g BirdLife International (2025). "Rhodonessa caryophyllacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2025 e.T22680344A254934109. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T22680344A254934109.en. Retrieved 2025-12-07.
  3. ^ Hume, Julian P. (2017). "A high price to pay: new light on the extinction of the Pink-headed Duck Rhodonessa caryophyllacea". Forktail. 33: 56–63.
  4. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Tadorna cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22680021A132052989. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680021A132052989.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  5. ^ IUCN (2001). "V. THE CRITERIA FOR CRITICALLY ENDANGERED, ENDANGERED AND VULNERABLE". Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  6. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Alopochen kervazoi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22729490A95017764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729490A95017764.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  7. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Alopochen mauritianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
  8. ^ Hume, Julian P.; Winters, Ria (2015). "Captive birds on Dutch Mauritius: bad-tempered parrots, warty pigeons and notes on other native animals". Historical Biology. 28 (6): 812–822.
  9. ^ Olson, Storrs L.; Jouventin, Pierre (February 1996). "A new species of small flightless duck from Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean (Anatidae: Anas)" (PDF). The Condor. 98 (1): 1–9. doi:10.2307/1369501. JSTOR 1369501. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
  10. ^ BirdLife International (2024). "Anas marecula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T22728666A261858995. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T22728666A261858995.en. Retrieved 2025-12-06.
  11. ^ Cheke, A. S. (1987). "An ecological history of the Mascarene Islands, with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates". In Diamond, A. W. (ed.). Studies of Mascarene Island Birds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19, 34–35. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511735769.003. ISBN 978-0-521-11331-1.
  12. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Anas theodori". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22728662A94993214. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728662A94993214.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  13. ^ Amidon, Fred (23 Feb 2004). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Mariana Mallard and the Guam Broadbill From the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife" (PDF). Federal Register. 69 (34): 8116–8119. Retrieved 2012-12-23.
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  93. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas superciliosa: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680217A92849931". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680217a92849931.en.
  94. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Histrionicus histrionicus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680423A132527785". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680423a132527785.en.
  95. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Dendrocygna javanica: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679758A92828691". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679758a92828691.en.
  96. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Dendrocygna autumnalis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679780A138940651". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679780a138940651.en.
  97. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-09-04). "Somateria fischeri: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22680412A180227232". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-09-04. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22680412a180227232.en.
  98. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Melanitta perspicillata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680441A132528934". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680441a132528934.en.
  99. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Cygnus columbianus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679862A89644875". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679862a89644875.en.
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  101. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Spatula cyanoptera: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680233A139370416". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680233a139370416.en.
  102. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Melanitta stejnegeri: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724845A132655325". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22724845a132655325.en.
  103. ^ a b c IUCN (2019-08-14). "Tadorna tadorna: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680024A154560262". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-14. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680024a154560262.en.
  104. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Netta rufina: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680348A86012189". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680348a86012189.en.
  105. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-12). "Branta bernicla: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679946A189780266". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679946a189780266.en.
  106. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Melanitta stejnegeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22724845A132655325. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724845A132655325.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  107. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-09). "Anser fabalis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679875A132302864". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679875a132302864.en.
  108. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya valisineria: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680364A137943278". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680364a137943278.en.
  109. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-13). "Anas rubripes: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680174A137023072". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680174a137023072.en.
  110. ^ a b c IUCN (2021-08-18). "Aythya ferina: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680358A205288455". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-08-18. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680358a205288455.en.
  111. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Somateria spectabilis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680409A132526730". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680409a132526730.en.
  112. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-09). "Branta leucopsis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679943A131909954". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679943a131909954.en.
  113. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-06). "Anas zonorhyncha: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22736042A132303839". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-06. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22736042a132303839.en.
  114. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Anseranas semipalmata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22679732A92826979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679732A92826979.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  115. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Netta peposaca: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680351A92856953". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680351a92856953.en.
  116. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas gracilis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680271A92853108". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680271a92853108.en.
  117. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-09). "Anser anser: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679889A131907747". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679889a131907747.en.
  118. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Melanitta nigra: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724879A132257623". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22724879a132257623.en.
  119. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Lophodytes cucullatus: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680472A137932133". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680472a137932133.en.
  120. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya americana: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680367A137752425". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680367a137752425.en.
  121. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Aythya marila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T22680398A132525108. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680398A132525108.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  122. ^ a b c IUCN (2021-10-07). "Bucephala albeola: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T22680462A137784330". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021-10-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2022-1.rlts.t22680462a137784330.en.
  123. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Dendrocygna bicolor: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679746A92827620". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679746a92827620.en.
  124. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Somateria mollissima: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680405A132525971". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680405a132525971.en.
  125. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Mergus merganser: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680492A132054083". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680492a132054083.en.
  126. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Dendrocygna viduata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679763A92829021". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679763a92829021.en.
  127. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya collaris: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680370A137908133". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680370a137908133.en.
  128. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Anser rossii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679909A136898830". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679909a136898830.en.
  129. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Spatula querquedula: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680313A86016410". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680313a86016410.en.
  130. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2016). "Aythya fuligula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T22680391A86013549. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680391A86013549.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  131. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Mareca americana: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680163A137010293". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680163a137010293.en.
  132. ^ a b c d IUCN (2018-08-07). "Bucephala clangula: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680455A132529366". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680455a132529366.en.
  133. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-08-13). "Anas crecca: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22680321A181692388". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22680321a181692388.en.
  134. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Mareca penelope: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22680157A111892532". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-1.rlts.t22680157a111892532.en.
  135. ^ a b c IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anser albifrons: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679881A85980652". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22679881a85980652.en.
  136. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-07). "Clangula hyemalis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680427A132528200". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-07. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22680427a132528200.en.
  137. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-08-13). "Anas carolinensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020: e.T22729498A181562690". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-3.rlts.t22729498a181562690.en.
  138. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Mareca strepera: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680149A86020572". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t22680149a86020572.en.
  139. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-13). "Aythya affinis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680402A139381357". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680402a139381357.en.
  140. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Branta hutchinsii: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22733619A139214707". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22733619a139214707.en.
  141. ^ a b c IUCN (2020-11-12). "Aix sponsa: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680104A136999461". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680104a136999461.en.
  142. ^ a b c d IUCN (2019-08-13). "Anas acuta: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680301A153882797". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-13. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680301a153882797.en.
  143. ^ a b c IUCN (2018-08-09). "Branta canadensis: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679935A131909406". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018-08-09. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t22679935a131909406.en.
  144. ^ a b c d IUCN (2019-08-14). "Spatula clypeata: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680247A153875944". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019-08-14. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680247a153875944.en.
  145. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-12). "Spatula discors: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22680229A137731845". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22680229a137731845.en.
  146. ^ a b c d IUCN (2020-11-12). "Anser caerulescens: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T22679896A157448765". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020-11-12. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t22679896a157448765.en.
  147. ^ a b c d IUCN (2016-10-01). "Anas platyrhynchos: BirdLife International: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T22680186A155457360". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016-10-01. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2019-3.rlts.t22680186a155457360.en.
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