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Smin Maw-Khwin

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Smin
  • သၟိင် မုဟ်ဂွင်
  • သၟိင် ငဝ်ခွင်
Governor of Sayat
In office
? – c. October 1414
MonarchRazadarit
Preceded by?
Succeeded by?
Personal details
Born?
Hanthawaddy kingdom
Died?
Ava Kingdom
Military service
AllegianceHanthawaddy kingdom
Branch/serviceRoyal Hanthawaddy Armed Forces
Years of service1390–1414
RankCommander
UnitArmy, Navy
Battles/wars
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

Smin Maw-Khwin (Mon: သၟိင် မုဟ်ဂွင် or သၟိင် ငဝ်ခွင်,[note 1] Burmese: သမိန် မောခွင်, Burmese pronunciation: [θəmèiɴ mɔ́ gwɪ̀ɰ̃]; also spelled Thamein Mawhkwin[3] or Thamein Mawkhwin[4]) was a Hanthawaddy commander who participated in the first three wars of the Forty Years' War until 1414. He also served as governor of Sayat. He is best known for his key role in the successful 1408 Hanthawaddy invasion of Launggyet Arakan, which started the decade-long Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418). The commander was captured by Ava forces in 1414.

At least two other commanders held the title of Smin Maw-Khwin in the Hanthawaddy military between 1414 and 1422.

Biography

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The name Smin Maw-Khwin is a Mon language title, conferred upon several commanders who served the monarchs of Hanthawaddy Pegu[5][6] and the First Toungoo Empire.[4]

This Smin Maw-Khwin is first mentioned in the royal chronicles in 1390. He served as a regimental commander in King Razadarit's main army during the Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1385–1391).[7][8] He is also noted as a regimental commander during the second siege of Prome in late 1402, part of the Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1401–1403).[9][10]

Arakan campaign (1408)

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Maw-Khwin is best known for his role in the 1408 Hanthawaddy invasion of Arakan, then a vassal state of Ava. Chronicles provide conflicting accounts of his activities during and after the invasion. The Razadarit Ayedawbon and Yazawin Thit chronicles state that Maw-Khwin and Smin Paik-Nye led the successful invasion.[2][11] However, other chronicles name Byat Za or Dein Mani-Yut as the theater commander-in-chief whom Maw-Khwin and Paik-Nye reported to.[note 2] Furthermore, the Rakhine Razawin Thit chronicle states that Maw-Khwin remained with the Hanthawaddy garrison in Launggyet until later that year before being driven out by an Ava army led by the lord of Myinsaing.[14] Other chronicles, however, say that Maw-Khwin immediately returned to Pegu, and took command of a regiment in the main Hanthawaddy army that defended the Pegu capital region during the rainy season of 1408.[15][16][17][18]

Sittaung front (1414)

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The war was still raging in 1414. By then, Maw-Khwin was governor of Sayat (စရပ်),[note 3] a fortified town on the Sittaung front near the northern border with Ava. From this post, he was assigned to lead the defense of the Sittaung front.[19][20]

When Ava forces invaded the Irrawaddy delta in October 1414, King Razadarit ordered him to attack Toungoo (Taungoo) to relieve pressure on the delta front. As his forces marched north, they were intercepted by Ava forces from Toungoo. Hanthawaddy forces won the initial engagement, after which both sides retired to camps on the opposite sides of the Sittaung river. The next morning at dawn, Hanthawaddy war boats attempted to assault the Ava camp but their war boats were punctured by concealed underwater stakes.[21] Maw-Khwin was captured during the battle while his deputy Saw Paik was killed in action.[22][19][20]

This Smin Maw-Khwin is not mentioned again in the chronicles. His title was succeeded by the acting commander of Bassein (Pathein), who surrendered to Ava forces shortly after, c. December 1414.[5][6] By 1422, another commander had succeeded the title. That Smin Maw-Khwin, Commander of the Dala Regiment, was executed by Prince Binnya Kyan during the 1422 Pegu succession crisis.[23][24][25]

Military service

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The following is a list of military campaigns in which Maw-Khwin is explicitly mentioned in the chronicles as a commander.

Campaign Duration Troops commanded[note 4] Notes
Defense of Hanthawaddy 1390–1391 1000 Part of Razadarit's main royal army (8 regiments, 8000 infantry, 40 elephants)[7][8]
Second siege of Prome 1402 1 marine regiment Part of the invasion fleet (7000 troops, 200 armored war boats)[9][10]
Hanthawaddy invasion of Arakan March 1408 2000+ troops Co-led the invasion alongside Smin Paik-Nye[note 2]
Defense of the Pegu capital region April–August 1408 1 regiment Commanded a regiment in Razadarit's main army, and participated in the counterattack[26][27][28][29]
Hanthawaddy attack on Toungoo October 1414 not mentioned Captured in the battle of Pannin en route to Toungoo[22][19][20][3]

Notes

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  1. ^ Nai Pan Hla's edition of the Razadarit Ayedawbon chronicle provides two Mon language spellings: "သၟိင် မုဟ်ဂွင်",[1] and "သၟိင် ငဝ်ခွင်".[2] Per Pan Hla, "သၟိင် ငဝ်ခွင်" transliterates into Burmese as "သမိန် ငေါခွင်".[2]
  2. ^ a b While all chronicles state Smin Maw-Khwin was one of the two main commanders of the invasion, they differ on the operational details:
    • The Razadarit Ayedawbon says the invasion comprised two armies, each with 5000 troops, "several" cavalry and elephants. Smin Paik-Nye and Smin Maw-Khwin commanded the first and second armies, respectively. It does not mention Byat Za or Dein as part of the expeditionary force.[2]
    • The Maha Yazawin says the overall strike force consisted of 40,000 troops and 300 elephants, and the commander-in-chief was Gen. Byat Za.[12]
    • The Yazawin Thit gives the overall strength as 40,000 troops and 200 elephants.[11]
    • The Hmannan Yazawin provides the strength of the overall strike force as 40,000 troops and 100 elephants, commanded by Byat Za.[13]
    • The Rakhine Razawin Thit says 50,000 troops, and names Dein Mani-Yut as the commander-in-chief. Smin Maw-Khwin remained in Launggyet with a Hanthawaddy regiment after Min Khayi was placed on the Launggyet throne.[14]
  3. ^ In (Fernquest Spring 2006: 19), citing San Lwin's translation of the Razadarit Ayedawbon, the fort's name is transliterated as "Salat". This may be a mistranslation or based on a Mon language spelling/pronunciation. The Burmese spelling in the main chronicles is "စရပ်" (which can be transliterated as Sayat or Zayat).[19][20] Furthermore, the main chronicles do not say when he became governor.
  4. ^ Chronicle reported troop levels reduced by an order of magnitude per (Harvey 1925: 333–336)

References

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  1. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 198
  2. ^ a b c d Pan Hla 2005: 240
  3. ^ a b Fernquest Spring 2006: 26
  4. ^ a b MHC Vol. 3 2005: 44
  5. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 251
  6. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 26
  7. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 301
  8. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 203
  9. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 225
  10. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 218–219
  11. ^ a b Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 228
  12. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 332
  13. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 474
  14. ^ a b Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 10
  15. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 243
  16. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 334–335
  17. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 229
  18. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 477
  19. ^ a b c d Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 249
  20. ^ a b c d Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 23
  21. ^ Fernquest Spring 2006: 19, 26
  22. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 35
  23. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 57
  24. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 267
  25. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 55
  26. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 263
  27. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 334, 339
  28. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 229, 233
  29. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 477, 484

Bibliography

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  • Fernquest, Jon (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Myanmar Historical Commission Conference Proceedings. Vol. 3. Yangon: Myanmar Historical Commission, Golden Jubilee Publication Committee. 2005.
  • Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
  • Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1997–1999) [1931]. Rakhine Razawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2. Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.
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