User:JaredMcKenzie/sandbox
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[edit]Potential Submissions
[edit]| Sprained wrist | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Twisted wrist, wrist strain, pulled wrist |
 | |
| Man wearing a wrist brace for sprain support | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics, sports medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Family medicine |
| Symptoms | Swelling, bruising, pain |
| Diagnostic method | Physical examination |
| Differential diagnosis | Wrist fracture, Carpel tunnel syndrome |
| Treatment | Physical medicine and rehabilitation |
A sprained wrist (twisted wrist, pulled wrist, wrist strain, etc.) is an injury where one or more ligaments in the wrist are stretched or torn. It is a common sports injury, occuring in activities like basketball, skating, skateboarding, gymnastics, and baseball, but can affect anyone who experiences trauma to their wrist. Typical causes include falling down with an outstretched hand on hard surfaces and also repetitive twisting and overuse of the wrist.[1][2][3]
1. Cause
Re-injury; Returning to activity before wrists have fully healed, can lead to them being healed in a stretched or weakened position, and resulting in reduced "stability" of the wrist. This leads chronic wrist instability and an increased risk of recurring wrist sprains, and a higher risk of wrist arthritis over time due to abnormal joint movement and wear.[2][3]
Two common injuries that may lead to chronic wrist instability are;
1. Scapholunate ligament sprain/tear - injury to one of most important stabilising ligaments in the wrist, located between two small wrist bones. [4]
2. Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) injury - injury to the TFCC, which is a cartilage and ligament structure that stabilises the ulnar side of the wrist (the little-finger side).[5]
The following factors can contribute to an increased risk of wrist sprains:
- Sudden impacts, including falling forward on an outstretched hand (FOOSH)
- Activities performed with poor wrist alignment, such as lifting heavy weights with a bent wrist, or cycling with excessive wrist extension
- Repetitive stress including prolonged wrist movements for hours on end without taking a break, or any wrist motion that is repeated often, can inflame tissues around joints or cause stress fractures.
2. Prevention
The risks of wrist injuries, like sprains, can be reduced by keeping your wrist strong. Wrist exercises that strengthens the muscles surrounding the wrist, can help improve stability, and also help alleviate pain and prevent long-term problems if you get injured.[6] A doctor or physiotherapist is able to recommend the best wrist exercises for a patient, and exercises can include wrist flexion, extension, and gripping motions to build strength and proprioception.[7][8][9]
To reduce the odds of wrist sprains in certain high risk activities like sports, wearing wrist guards can help as they stabilize the joints during activity and in falls, and prevent ligaments from overstretching or tearing. Wrist guards limit the wrists' range of motion and prevent it from bending too far backwards or twisting in a way that could cause injury. Wrist guards can also reduce the impact absorbed by the ligaments and tendons during falls. [10][11][12][13][14]
- Fall On Outstretched Hand (FOOSH)
A common injury that occurs when falling on outstretched hand. Usually impacts the wrists. Also a term often used by scientists, physio and medical.
A mechanism where when one falls down and instinctively extends their hand out to break their fall. When the hand lands hard on the ground, and the wrist is hyperextended, it can result in forces stretching or tearing the ligaments in the wrist. This injury is typical to activities where falls are common such as cycling, rollerblading and sports accidents.[[16]
3. Uyghur polu
[edit]Draft - Uyghur polu or Ughhur lamb rice?
Note - Often uses lamb or mutton - slightly differs from a neighbouring countries Plov dishes in that it uses medium-grain rice instead of long grain - this gives a stickier texture where the rice slightly gels together more and gives a slightly more rissoto feel in the mouth.
Spices also differ with being more aromatic, - uses cardamom, cumin, and star anise, for a slightly sweeter, spiced taste profile.
Unlike Uzbek and Tajik Plov, Uyghur polu also mixes meat and rice more evenly, while Plov tends to have meat neatly placed on top of rice upon presentation.
But overall is similar in cooking and ingredients but not identical.
Sources - [17]
4. Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Park
[edit]Tasks
[edit]1. Find old photos and upload them to Wikicommons. (Couldn't find them so took a half day's trip up north and took new ones & uploaded - may need to visit again for more pics but have enough to publish article) 😏
2. Note - it is indeed the biggest MTB park in eastern seaboard of Australia. There's only a handful of such parks and arguably by dedicated trail length, 80 kms is the biggest out there. However just cannot easily find any online sources that states it, so be complicated to state this. Need to search for gov sources that explicitly states it, if I want to include. (Gave this up as too difficult to do) 😭
3. Fill in history that includes fires. Find sources to support its history of funding and when it was closed due to the fires and re-opened with public funding. (Done) 😋
4. Find a similar wiki article that you can work backwards from. - (Completed) 😁
5. Create + fill out New Chapters - Gallery, Trail network, Facilities and infrastructure, See Also (Finished) 😙
Article
[edit]Arguably the largest network of mountain biking bush trails on the entire Eastern Seaboard of Australia.
| Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Park | |
|---|---|
 Bridge at Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Park | |
 | |
| Length | 80 km (50 mi) |
| Location | Tinonee, New South Wales, Australia |
| Established | Early 2000s |
| Designation | State Forest mountain bike park |
| Trailheads | Main car park off The Bucketts Way |
| Use | Mountain biking |
| Difficulty | Beginner, intermediate, and advanced trails |
| Season | Year-round |
| Website | https://www.tipriders.com/ |
Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Park (also referred to as the Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Trail) is a purpose-built mountain biking trail network in the Kiwarrak State Forest near Tinonee, New South Wales, Australia. The park features approximately 80 kilometres of singletrack, including beginner-friendly adaptive trails and advanced-level gravity trails. It is managed by the Manning–Great Lakes Tip Riders club in cooperation with the NSW Government and Forestry Corporation of NSW, and is open year-round.[18][19]
1. History and Development
The park was first developed through grassroots efforts from local riders and volunteers in the early 2000s.[20] During the 2019-2020 bushfires and the subsequent 2021 floods, most of the park's structure were destroyed, and the park later underwent major redevelopment funded by the NSW government, which provided $403,980 for rebuilding and upgrades. The park installed new jump bridges and a 2.7 km adaptive trail, and officially re-opened to the public on 6 June 2024.[21][4][5]
According to Megan Cleary, the Department of Regional NSW Director of Economic and Industry Recovery, the new upgraded trails were designed for inclusivity and in encouraging a wide range of riders, including women and riders with a disability. She notes that the park attracts mountain bike riders from all over Australia and helps bring significant income to the local region. In total, the costs of repair and upgrades cost $543,095 with additional funds being donated through fundraising and sponsorship by the Manning Great Lakes Tip Riders Mountain Bike Club.[22][23]
2. Facilities and infrastructure
As part of the 2024 upgrades, the carpark was improved and new trail signage, climbing trail, downhill trail and a toilet block was added.[24]
Some of the new tracks include a 2.7 km long adaptive trail that, according to the Dallas Chapman, the president of Manning Great Lakes Tip Riders, is able to be used by "those in wheelchairs or adaptive cycles and is very family-friendly", and is likely one of the longest single track adaptive trails in Australia. [25]
In addition, there are also new trails suited for the more experienced and skilled riders, such as the "Triple Zero", which features jumps and drops.
3. Trail Network
The park features approximately 80 kms of single-track trails (post-upgrade).[26] These trails vary from cross country trail routes to gravity-fed lines with jumps, drops and purpose built feature.
According to the Tip Riders' trail map, there are 3 complete marked loops that all leaves from the main carpark, just off The Buckets Way, and opposite the tip.[27]
- 5 km loop - is suitable for riders of all levels.
- 10km loop - bit more challenging than 5 km loop and is suitable for anyone who has at least some experience in riding on MTB trails.
- 15 km/20 km loop - the more technical longer loop has "rock gardens", drops and jumps, and are designed for intermediate and above skilled MTB riders.
4. Community, Events, and Tourism
The Manning Great Lakes Tip Riders organizes volunteer dig (trail build) days to help maintain the trails.[28]
There are also scheduled community rides, and endurance racing meets. The Tip Riders club's annual flagship event is the "PBM Hardrock 6 hour", which in 2023, had brought in 140 participants from across the country.[29][30]
5. Gallery
6. See also
8. External links
5. Hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio
[edit]An important ratio that helps prevent knee injuries and a widely used term in sports medicine.
6. Wrist instability/wrist pain/wrist strengthening
[edit]Task
[edit]1. Figure out the title and focus of new article covering these subjects.
- (Possibly submit for area of Specialized training methods list in Outline of exercise. 🤨 Note - Very specialised specific exercise with a particular aim to strengthen wrists and prevent injury, or long term problems after injury like arthritis, or to provide relief for certain wrists pains, and recover wrist range of motion after injury. Not used for overall fitness, or for traditionally building muscles) Sources - (https://www. verywellhealth .com/wrist-strengthening-exercises-2696622)[32] Instead both stretching and exercising increase production of synovial fluid, that "lubricates your wrist joints and helps improve their function".(https://www. healthline .com/health/how-to-strengthen-wrists)
2. Take photos of wrist exercises and upload to Wikimedia Commons.
Article
[edit]Summary - Wrist instability (differs from sprains). It's the abnormal movement and misalignment of the wrist joint. It is typically caused by ligament injuries from trauma like a fall on an outstretched hand, overuse, or a sprain. [33][34][35]
Wrist pain isn't limited to sprains. It can include carpal tunnel syndrome and strains, etc. "Relief is possible by doing wrist pain exercises and stretches" says occupational therapist and certified hand therapist Jesse DeFilippo, OTR/L, CHT. [36]
During recovery from a wrist injury, certain exercises need to be avoided that puts a lot of extra strain on your hands and wrists. Specifically this includes push-ups and planks.
Cardiovascular exercises such as cycling, running, elliptical, and even swimming puts less strain on the wrists, and can be focused on during recovery.[37]
Though stretches can help promote circulation and flexibility, poses that places pressure on the wrist joints, like downward dog, must be avoided. A physiotherapist may recommend ideal stretches and exercises as the injury heals.[38]
Sources: Arthritis foundation - best exercises for wrist joints are isometric (that cause muscles to contract but do not move the joint) [39]
Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust - wrist strengthening exercises [40]
7. Adaptive mountain biking
[edit]Tasks
[edit]1. Create lede - (done 👍)
2. Create chapter for History, organisations and events, trail design and accessibility (list a couple of examples), equipments, and benefits, and maybe challenges like many trails today aren't designed for adaptive cycles or trail builders don't understand the standards.
3. Find cites for above chapters.
Article
[edit]Adaptive mountain biking (aMTB) is a sport where riders with a disability, are able to participate in off-road cycling. Unlike conventional mountain biking, the discipline involves specialized bikes, inclusive trail designs and adaptive programs to allow riders to enjoy off-road trails safely. Adaptive MTB has dedicated events, organisations, and trail networks worldwide, and is recognised as a distinct discipline within disability sports.[6][7][8]
Specially designed trails called "adaptive trails" have been increasingly developed to accommodate disabled riders, and trail-building organisations, such as the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA), have explored standards to help guide safe and sustainable designs for new adaptive trails.[9][10][11]
1. History
- The first mention of a functional handbike dates back to 1655 where Stephan Farffler, believed to be a paraplegic or amputee, created a three-wheeled device powered by hand.[12]
- Development of the first prototypes of modern handcycles began in the 1980s, that were designed for paraplegic riders.[13][14]
- Handcycling became a medal event at the Paralympic Games in Athens 2004.[15]
- Interest in adaptive cycling on off-road trails increased. By late 2010s and early 2020s, several mountain bike parks and public land managers have built trails designed to accommodate adaptive mountain biking. Examples include Awaba Mountain Bike Park and Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Trail in Australia, where state governments funded upgrades to improve inclusivity, and Squamish Off-road Cycling Association trails in the United States.[16][17][18]
- In Australia, adaptive cross-country mountain biking (adaptive XC) was first included as a racing event in the country's national mountain biking championships in 2017. Later in the 2024 meet, GWM Mountain Bike National Championships introduced the adaptive Downhill (adaptive DH) as an official event.[6][19]
2. Equipment
There is a wide range of adaptive mountain bikes. Some are designed to be pedal powered for riders who have full or partial use of their legs. There is also types that have a hand crank alongside a throttle, and others that are fully motor-powered.[16]
There is generally three types of adaptive bikes based on its number of wheels.
1. Three-wheeled
There are three-wheeled bikes that can be ridden without the need for a support rider, and can handle a variety of terrain.
Within the category of three wheeled bikes, there are different designs, such as:
- Front-wheel drive: are usually propelled with a hand crank that powers the two front wheels, and typically have a throttle.
- Rear-wheel drive: comparatively allows better traction on the uphill climbs than front-wheel types, and are also more maneuverable. But they also tend to be the least affordable type of adaptive mountain bike.
- Recumbent: Recumbent adaptive bikes, or trikes, are either pedal-powered or hand-powered. They are not ideal for very challenging terrain but are meant for the easier trails.
2. Two-wheeled
Bucket bikes are basically normal mountain bikes, but modified or have a dedicated design to incorporate a "bucket" seat for a disabled rider to sit and be strapped in. A bucket bike requires a support rider in front to pedal the bike as the adaptive rider can't ride on their own. This design is for adaptive mountain bikers seeking a two-wheeled experience on the trails.
3. Four-wheeled
Known as Fourcross or gravity bikes, they are designed for gravity fed trails, such as downhill or sloped courses. They don't have a motor and rider needs to actively control of the bike by shifting their bodyweight, leaning into corners and pumping their chairs to prepare for jumps. They are suited for adaptive riders looking for an adrenaline rush, and participate in mountain biking while remaining safely seated.
3. Trail Design and Accessibility
A number of organizations globally, including Kootenay Adaptive Sport Association (Canada), International Mountain Bicycling Association (USA) and AusCycling Limited (Australia), have developed comprehensive set of standards to help design trails for adaptive mountain biking.[20][21][22]
Some of the key principles are:
- Wider trails and minimum turning radii to help fit trikes or recumbent bikes.[23]
- Signage and rating systems, like the Adaptive Trail Rating, to show the difficulty of the trail and accessibility for riders of the trail's difficulty and accessibility for each type of bike.[24]
- Controlled gradients, smoother surfaces and reduced technical obstacles to lower overall risk of injury.[25]
Examples of adaptive trails being built or developing, includes Squamish Off-Road Cycling Association trails in Canada, as well as Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Trail and Arklow Adaptive Trail, that are both in Australia.[26][17][27]
4. Organisations and Events
- Gravity Adaptive Inc. (Australia) - advocates for adaptive mountain bike (aMTB) trail access, provides rider support and education for disabled riders.
- Adaptive Sports Center (USA) - Hosts the Adaptive Mountain Biking World Championship.
- Vermont Mountain Bike Association (USA) - provides adaptive mountain biking opportunities and hosts events for adaptive cyclists. [[41]
5. Benefits
6. Challenges and Future Directions
Scrapbook area
[edit]
WP:ANI (Administrators’ Noticeboard/Incidents)
I don't think their reverts are honest if their goal seems to be discouraging me from editing - they revert almost anything I do and then refuse to discuss it on the talk page. Whenever I ask what the issue is, they usually vaguely repeat that "sources don’t support" the edit, even tho that's demonstrably untrue. The problem is that most people don't take the minimal time to read the actual sources, and they take such statements at face value. This allow the reverting editor make their reverts appear legit when they're not. It wasn't until another editor, Aaron, took the minimum time to independently check sources and confirmed they do support the content then the other editor stopped responding. Afterward, they vaguely shifted to mentioning there was a “wording” issue but never clarified or continued with the discussion. I believe they're fully aware that their initial claims were false or discredited, but they rely on others not verifying the sources. In my view, their real motive is simply WP:IDONTLIKEIT, while they misuse policy language to make it seem like their reverts are justified.
- I have been busy in the past weeks on something that required my full focus. But I am almost free now to focus on this after my main burdens are done with.
Finished articles
[edit]1. Uzbek Plov
2. Luv-a-Duck
Frozen
[edit]Appeal letter
[edit]I believe my issue was trying to over relentlessly convince an opposing editor my proposed info was valid, when they didn't want to be convinced. And saying that they needed to clarify their position so I can relay it to DRN, when it already seemed clear they didn't want to respond yet I kept asking for it repeatedly. Regardless of other's reaction and behaviour, I am responsible for my own tone and personal conduct, and I know this is not the ideal way to go about it. There were also other rules I didn't follow such as reporting another to ANI when the DRN process was ongoing and editing the article. Both violate DRN rules and wasted the DRN mod's time, and I should not have done that and I apologize.
So I created a clear set of comprehensive rules for myself to avoid repeating the same mistakes again and commit to a more sustainable path.
The rules for any dispute over facts
- Ensure you actually have the scholarly consensus. That means the position is supported directly by multiple RS and also isn't contradicted by any other RS.
- Ensure your edit faithfully reflects the concensus, and if others, for any reason, do not agree with the experts reliability or the edit, try to work it out on talk but ensure your own tone is good.
- If unable to work things out, instead of repeating same arguments - pull away from the discussion and reach out to a wider community. In practise, that means calmly raising issue on talk page (if haven't already), requesting input from other resources and uninvolved editors, and if necessary, third opinion, DRN, or later RfC if recommended by DRN mods. (Previously mod suggested possible RFC) *Eventually when a community consensus forms from a more reasonably wider group, that should guide the article's content.
- Additionally when undergoing DRN, read the entire page on rules. Do not skim it. Do not edit the article nor report another to ANI while drn is ongoing, as it violates DRN rules, and wastes the DRN mod's time.
- And in general, do not use LLM to comment on threads as that is not acceptable conduct.
- And when replying on talk, decide whether to disengage or persuade. Do not ever do both as it unnecessarily expands talk threads, which make it much harder for others to read.[42]
I am sorry I didn't follow such conduct before. (I have demonstrated an entire year (or two or more) in not breaking these policies I made above) As I am committed to following them and am clear on what to do on disputes over facts.
....
(do not raise this unless a condition is later being made to admit a factual error in the absence of contrary reliable sourcing);
Reply - That's the one aspect I didn't do incorrectly by Wikipedia policies. And I cannot acknowledge or apologise for making a factual error unless one is demonstrated. I have researched thoroughly for many weeks and am not aware of any RS that contradict the info I added. Whereas I have already provided multiple RS in my DRN case[43], to support my edits substantively. The Wiki block policy was intended to address conduct, not compel and punish editors to concede factual points or retract well-sourced content supported by high quality sources. Conditioning an unblock on an apology in the absence of contrary sourcing, would not be consistent with that policy.
Appeal letter to lift TB
[edit]The topic block is no longer necessary and initially I believed it was overly harsh. Because I believe a warning would have sufficed if an editor has good intent and motivated to not ruin their second chance. But in hindsight, it did help me cool off and given me the time to reflect and plan on how to be better.
There are certain protocols that may or may not be official on Wikipedia. I have created them in 2 personal essays here[44][45] - mostly for my benefit as I too also do not wish for more drama. I believe my protocol gives me not only clarity on how to handle or deter disputes but also a potent perspective.
I should also add I created two articles in past weeks, which demonstrates I am serious in my intentions and know how to sufficiently build articles and am here to build an encyclopaedia. Allegations that I am not interested in editing or motivated to do right by Wikipedia was unwarranted.
What I have learned during my TB
[edit]I understand now that even if I believe I am right, that don't mean I should repeatedly ask others the same question.
If I recognise that a discussion is no longer productive, the best approach is simply to pull back and calmly resolve through other resources and uninvolved editors.
Also a good policy is to limit any contentious edits to a topic to only one at a time. It makes everything so much easier if it ever does get disputed - compared to arguing for multiple edits at the same time.
But most importantly, it's not my responsibility on whether Wikipedia corrects misinfo. I am only just one editor and it's the community overall that bears that larger responsibility. The very best I can do is tell others that Max Planck institute of international law and TC are good sources and the info they present is true. But if a RFC or the community consensus were to hypothetically not agree, then I understand that arguing further would be deemed as unacceptable and grounds for a topic block.
What I will do if my TB is lifted?
[edit]I do wish for the topic block to be lifted as it still has been an inconvenience to me. I built a draft article for ROC Territorial Disputes and I am unable to even submit it for AFC review due to my topic block. But believe it's important for the ROC to have its own seperate standalone article given its territorial disputes aren't all identical with the PRC. Additionally, I have published a new article called "Luv-a-Duck". But I was unable to even add in one measly fact that the company exports feathers to Taiwan as I did not wish to even test the boundaries of my topic block.
It's not super urgent for me to have the topic block lifted but it be nice to get the two above things done this month, instead of waiting years later to do that.
But I have every intention to abide by this TB nonetheless if my appeal is rejected, but I hope for a clean slate and for grudges to be buried. I probably should add even if you reject my topic block appeal now - I will still follow the principles above for my own benefit, and will not be overly upset considering the (disputed) article already largely resolved itself without my input anyways and shortly after my TB.[46]
*Unable to submit for now due to TB
[edit]
This article is about territorial disputes of the Republic of China (ROC). A territorial dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities. Many of Republic of China's territorial disputes result from the historical consequences of colonialism in Asia and the lack of clear historical boundary demarcations. Many of these disputes are almost identical to those that the People's Republic of China (PRC), has with other countries. Therefore, many of the subsequent resolved disputes made by the PRC after 1949 with other governments may not be recognized by the ROC.[28]
The Republic of China (ROC) Constitution includes all of mainland China as part of its claimed territory, and the ROC has historically claimed sovereignty over both Taiwan and the mainland in opposition to the People’s Republic of China (PRC).[29][30] Additionally, the ROC maintains claims over several disputed territories, including the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands (disputed with Japan), the Spratly Islands (where it currently controls Taiping/Itu Aba Island), and the Paracel Islands (disputed with Vietnam). These claims are largely identical to those of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and reflect the ROC’s constitutional and legal assertions of sovereignty beyond the areas it currently controls.
Subsection -
(Idea - may need also a necessary section that explains why ROC is unable to defend terrority claims - as there cannot be two Chinas hence Phillipines invited only PRC to the arbitration and not ROC - despite having identical claims on South seas - ROC isn't deemed a legal state of China by Phillipines and UN courts don't recognise ROC.)
Background (or Issues?)
[edit]The Republic of China (ROC), originally the government of modern China established in 1912, relocated to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949. Since then, both the ROC and the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have claimed to represent “one China,” with neither accepting a two-state solution. The ROC continues to constitutionally claim to be the legitimate government of China, including both the mainland and Taiwan, and does not recognize the PRC as its de jure successor. This conflicts with the PRC’s claims, which consider both the mainland and Taiwan as part of “their” China.
The question of Taiwan (ROC) formally asserting independence is legally significant. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) notes that, based on "effectiveness," Taiwan appears to meet the criteria for statehood. However, because it has not "unequivocally asserted a separate legal status as a state," it cannot be deemed a state under international law. Due to its status as a non-state political entity, Taiwan's recognition in municipal courts is limited.[31]
Prior to 1971, the ROC represented China in international courts and could dispute other claimants over territory. Since losing its United Nations seat, and with the PRC largely recognized as the sole government of China by most countries, Taiwan has been limited in defending its territorial claims in many municipal and international courts. For example, in the South China Sea arbitration case in 2016, as the Philippines doesn't recognise ROC as the legal representative of China, Taiwan was not invited to participate while the PRC was invited to represent "China" instead, despite both the ROC and PRC having largely the same territorial claims in the South China sea.
https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1362
Despite this, both the PRC and ROC claims on the Spratly and Senkaku Islands issue, overlap and agree they belong to "China". Outside these islands however, the PRC and ROC have a De Jure sovereignty dispute over who is the government of China which includes both the mainland and Taiwan island.
Chinese mainland and Taiwan/Dispute with PRC
[edit]There is a territorial dispute between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC), as both governments claim the mainland and Taiwan as being integral parts of "their" China.
The ROC, was originally the government of modern China and established on the mainland in 1912. It lost control of the mainland and fled to Taiwan after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1949. Following this, the CCP established the PRC while the ROC's control has since been limited to Taiwan and nearby islands. Since then, both the ROC and PRC have claimed to represent one China with neither accepting a two-state solution. The PRC's claim is based on the basis of state succession, under which it regards itself as the legitimate successor to the pre-1949 ROC and therefore denies the the authority of the ROC as a legal government of China, under its "one China principle". Conversely, the ROC has never recognized the PRC as its De Jure successor, and continued to claim all of China and have held the "China" seat in the UN until 1971, when it lost that seat to the PRC, and was expelled from the UN.
In the 1990s, the ROC amended its Constitution and included recognition of the PRC as the de facto governing authority of the mainland. While this strengthened Taiwan's practical separation from the mainland, the Constitution still regards the mainland as part of the same state rather than as foreign territory. There have been discussions on whether to legally separate from the mainland and declare formal independence but to do so, it first requires high procedural standards, including a supermajority vote (75%) in the Legislative Yuan and a referendum.
The ROC have not declared formal independence, partly out of fear it may spark war with the PRC who would regard it as separatism. In a 2025 survey by My Formosa, 52.2% of Taiwanese questioned, have shown to be unwilling to go to war "to protect Taiwan's status and prevent reunification with the Chinese mainland", while 40.8% were willing. Due to the current legal framework, the ROC constitution has not been amended to recognise formal independence but officially consider both the mainland and Taiwan as part of “their” China, and consequently creates a de jure sovereignty dispute with the PRC who also claims the same territories.
Paracel Islands/Historic Dispute with France and currently with Vietnam
[edit]- Vietnam was once under French control, so France acted on behalf of Vietnamese sovereignty claims. The French colonial authorities claimed sovereignty over the Paracels.
- After World War II, the ROC government claimed the South China Sea archipelagos including the Paracels.
- In 2009, Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed the ROC had "unquestionable” sovereignty over the Paracel and other archipelagos.
Taiwan’s de jure status
Proposed text #1;
While Taiwan today functions as a de facto independent entity, it is not regarded as a sovereign state under international law. The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Ahl, 2020) notes that Taiwan meets many objective criteria of statehood, including a permanent population, defined territory, an effective government, and the capacity to enter into relations. However, Taiwan has not unequivocally asserted a legal claim to independence, which is decisive for recognition as a de jure state. Taiwan's Constitution continues to claim all of China, and most countries recognize the PRC as the legitimate government while conducting relations with Taiwan through unofficial or semi-official channels. (Saul, 2022).
Proposed text #2;
Both the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) have historically claimed that Taiwan is part of “China.” The PRC continues to uphold the “one China” principle, despite never having governed Taiwan, while the ROC formally claims all of China under its Constitution, even after losing control of the mainland in 1949 and being expelled from the United Nations in 1971.
Since the 1990s, ROC have pragmatically acknowledged that the mainland is governed by the People's Republic of China (PRC). Taiwan has not formally declared itself a new, legally independent state, partly to avoid provoking a military response. Under international law, an entity cannot be considered an independent state if it does not itself assert a separate legal status; Taiwan has not made such a claim.
There is ongoing debate within the ROC about whether to pursue formal (de jure) independence or unify with the PRC. Opinion polls indicate that the majority of the population favors maintaining the current status quo.
Proposed Text #3;
Taiwan has been under Chinese administration since the Qing dynasty, except for the 50 years of Japanese colonial rule (1895–1945). Following Japan's surrender in World War II, the Republic of China (ROC) assumed administrative control of Taiwan. The ROC, established after the fall of the Qing dynasty, was internationally recognized as the government of China until 1949, when the People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC as the recognized government of China in the United Nations and most international organizations.
The PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan as the successor state to the ROC, while the ROC constitution continues to claim sovereignty over all of China, including the mainland. As the ROC has not formally declared independence or asserted a separate legal status distinct from "China", Taiwan is not considered de jure independent under international law, despite functioning as a de facto self-governing state.
1. Max Planck Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (Ahl, 2020) - Confirms that Taiwan cannot be considered a sovereign state under international law without asserting statehood.
2. The Conversation (Saul, 2022) - Confirms ROC formally claims all of China under its Constitution, even after losing control of the mainland in 1949 and being expelled from the United Nations in 1971.
Proposed new subheading in wikitext #1;
- ^ "Wrist Sprain". Harvard Health. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
- ^ Knight, Dr John (26 August 2019). "How Long Does it Take to Recover From a Wrist Sprain?". Hand and Wrist Institute. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
- ^ "Wrist Sprains - OrthoInfo - AAOS". www.orthoinfo.org. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
- ^ McDonald, Mick (4 June 2024). "Kiwarrak Mountain Bike Park is now officially back in business". www.manningrivertimes.com.au. Retrieved 18 November 2025.
- ^ Lavender, Kim (6 July 2021). "Over 130km of New Mountain Bike Trails Destined For NSW". Bicycle NSW. Retrieved 18 November 2025.
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