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Kipeá language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kipeá
Kiriri
1699 grammar of Kipeá
Native toBrazil
RegionItapicuru River, northeastern Bahia[1]
EthnicityKiriri people (2,806 Quiriris [pt][2])
Eraattested 1698 and 1699
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Glottologkipe1235

Kipeá (or Kiriri) is an extinct Karirian language of Brazil. A short grammatical treatise is available.[4][5]

Documentation and modern studies

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Among the Kariri varieties, Kipeá is the best documented. There are two main sources for it, namely the Catecismo da doutrina christãa na lingua brasilica da nação kiriri and the Arte de grammatica da lingua brasilica da naçam kiriri, both composed by Italian Jesuit Luís Vincêncio Mamiani [pt].[6][7] The Catecismo was published in 1698 with a facsimile edition issued by the Biblioteca Nacional in 1942, while the Arte was published in 1699 with a new edition released in 1877 also by the Biblioteca Nacional, and a German translation by C. von der Gabelentz in 1852 under the title Grammatik der Kiriri-Sprache.[7][a]

Jesuit João de Barros is said to have composed a catechism and a vocabulary of the language. Serafim Leite [pt] conjectured that the Arte and the Catecismo were in fact the work of Barros, merely studied and prepared for publication by Mamiani.[7] However, this assumption is considered unlikely, given what Mamiani himself states at the beginning of the Arte, where he writes he "did not deem it time wasted, nor an unnecessary occupation, but rather a very necessary one" to compose a grammar.[8] This is further supported by the testimonies of priests João Mateus Faletto and José Coelho, who granted approval for the publication of the work. Moreover, in the Catecismo Mamiani claims to have had "twelve years of experience with the language among the Indians".[9]

Lucien Adam published a comparative study of Dzubukuá, Kipeá, Pedra Branca, and Sabujá,[b] but his work is considered not to have brought any new contribution to the knowledge of Kipeá.[9] In 1965, Gilda M. Corrêa de Azevedo completed her master's thesis on it under the supervision of Aryon Rodrigues; it was the first one on an Indigenous language ever produced in Brazil. Later that year, however, the military regime's intervention at the University of Brasília led to the resignation of more than 200 professors, leaving only a few in the Department of Linguistics.[10]

Phonology and orthography

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According to Azevedo, there is no evidence that allows for reliable statements about the realization of the phonemes, since there are no oral sources, only written documents. She cautions against possible inaccuracies on Mamiani's part, given that he was a 17th-century missionary without specialized phonetic or linguistic training. Azevedo argues the phonological analysis presented in her work does not go beyond a "rudimentary interpretation" of the texts.[11]

Consonants

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Consonantal system of Kipeá (after Azevedo 1965)[12][13]
Labial Dental Alveolar Alveo-
palatal 		Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t ts tʃ k ʔ
voiced b d dz dʒ (ɡ)
Fricative s h
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Approximant w ɾ j
  • /tʃ/ is more often transcribed with ⟨ch⟩, although examples in which words are also written with ⟨tch⟩ can be found. Azevedo adopted the affricate /tʃ/ instead of /ʃ/ as the standard for the phoneme because it "fits perfectly within the symmetry of the phonemic system". She states the realization "would fluctuate" between [ʃ] and [tʃ].[14]
  • Ribeiro disagrees with Azevedo's reanalysis, which proposes a contrast between /ɡ/ (represented by ⟨g, gh⟩) and /ŋ/ (represented by ⟨ng, ngh⟩). He argues ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨g⟩ occur without a preceding ⟨n⟩ in only six words across the entire Kipeá corpus, three of which are "likely" loans and one an interjection, where sounds not found elsewhere in a language's phonemic inventory commonly appear. Ribeiro thus proposes ⟨ngh⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ represented allophones of a single phoneme.[15]

Vowels

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Vowel system of Kipeá[16][13]
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ u
Mid e ẽ o õ
Open æ æ̃ a ã ɑ̃
  • Mamiani describes ⟨æ⟩ as "an intermediate vowel between A and E".[17] Azevedo proposes /æ/, with the realizations [æ] and [ə], the latter occurring in unstressed words, as in ⟨tekiébæ⟩.[18][19] Zwartjes, however, cautions that for both this intermediate vowel and its nasalized counterpart, there are other possible candidates, such as /ɛ/, /e/, and /ɶ/, and states the information provided by Mamiani is not precise enough to allow for a definitive conclusion.[19]

Orthography

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Mamiani admits only two diacritics in the theoretical introduction, the circumflex and the acute, but also employs the grave throughout his grammar. Zwartjes notes that, although the distinction between them is unclear, there was probably none at all, since on the same page one finds both cradzó and cradzò. Mamiani also occasionally uses the symbol ⟨ę⟩, but provides no information regarding this diacritic.[20] Seabra points out that an occurrence of ⟨ę⟩ in a Latin sentence ("Credis Patrem omnipotentem Creatorem cęli & terræ?") allows one to conclude the symbol was used in place of ⟨æ⟩ to save space in the line;[21] indeed, the typesetter often employed the tilde to replace the letters "n" and "m" to fit the text into columns 2.8 centimeters (1.1 in) wide.[22]

Syllable patterns and stress

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There are three syllable patterns in Kipeá: V, CV, and C1C2V, with the first two being the most frequent. The C1C2V pattern is rarer, with the C2 position being occupied only by /ɾ/. All consonants, except /dʒ/, occur in initial position before a vowel, and all occur in medial position before a vowel; only /p/, /b/, and /k/ occur before /ɾ/. No consonant occurs in final position, except for "-h", which appears in the interjections "proh" and "yuh" – a usage that Azevedo considers to be an analogy with the spelling of the Portuguese interjections "ah" and "oh". Vowels occur in initial, medial, and final positions, with some restrictions.[23]

Stress in Kipeá is considered to have a "purely demarcative, phonemically non-relevant" function, as it regularly falls on the final syllable of the word.[24] There are however some unstressed words that are interpreted as enclitics.[25]

Grammar

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The morphology of the Kipeá language is predominantly isolating and analytic, unusual for a language native to the Americas.[26]

Clauses with one-argument verbs show the verb–intransitive subject order, and those with two-argument verbs show verb–transitive (direct) object–transitive subject, where the transitive subject is marked by the ergative preposition no.[27]

si-te

3-come

karai

white.man

si-te karai

3-come white.man

"The white man comes."[27]

si-pa

3-kill

kradzo

cow

no

ERG

karai

white.man

si-pa kradzo no karai

3-kill cow ERG white.man

"The white man kills the cow."[27]

Kipeá has prepositions but not postpositions. If an adposition relates to a pronoun, it may be prefixed to the adposition. Some adpositions have different allomorphs when they follow a pronoun or pronominal prefix.[28]

pa

kill

kɾi

PERFV

do

with

udza

knife

pa kɾi do udza

kill PERFV with knife

"It was killed with a knife."[27]

di

give

kɾi

PERFV

do

to

i-de

3-mother

di kɾi do i-de

give PERFV to 3-mother

"He has given to his mother."[27]

di

give

kɾi

PERFV

i-djoho

3-to

di kɾi i-djoho

give PERFV 3-to

"He has given to her."[27]

Sample text

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Below, the Lord's Prayer in Kipeá, according to Luís Vincêncio Mamiani in his 1698 catechism:[29]

Bo cupadzûá dibárí mó arãkié, dó netsówonhé adzé inháá; dó dí ecanghité hidyodé; dó moró acáté mó radá, moró mó arãkié; dó dí hiamítẽdé ená hidiohodé dó ighŷ; dó prieré mó hibuânghetẽdé; moró siprí hirédé dó dibuângherí hiaídé; dó dikyé ená hihẽbupídé nósumarã anhí; dó nunhé hietçãdé ená bóburété. Amen Jesu.

Notes and references

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Notes

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  1. ^ Available here
  2. ^ Available here

References

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  1. ^ Azevedo 1965, p. II.
  2. ^ "Kiriri - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil". pib.socioambiental.org. Retrieved 2025-09-29.
  3. ^ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  4. ^ Larsen, Thomas W. (1984-10-17). "Case Marking and Subjecthood in Kipeá Kirirí". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 10: 189. doi:10.3765/bls.v10i0.1928. ISSN 2377-1666.
  5. ^ Azevedo 1965.
  6. ^ Rodrigues 1999, p. 170.
  7. ^ a b c Azevedo 1965, p. III.
  8. ^ Azevedo 1965, pp. III–IV.
  9. ^ a b Azevedo 1965, p. IV.
  10. ^ Seki 1999, p. 279.
  11. ^ Azevedo 1965, p. V.
  12. ^ Rodrigues 1999, p. 175.
  13. ^ a b Zwartjes 2011, p. 184.
  14. ^ Azevedo 1965, p. 3.
  15. ^ Ribeiro 2009, pp. 71–72.
  16. ^ Rodrigues 1999, p. 173.
  17. ^ Zwartjes 2011, pp. 184–185.
  18. ^ Azevedo 1965, p. 5.
  19. ^ a b Zwartjes 2011, p. 185.
  20. ^ Zwartjes 2011, p. 191.
  21. ^ Seabra 2017, p. 343.
  22. ^ Seabra 2017, p. 342.
  23. ^ Azevedo 1965, p. 10.
  24. ^ Azevedo 196, p. 11.
  25. ^ Azevedo 196, p. 12.
  26. ^ "Feature 20A: Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives". WALS. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Rodrigues 1999, p. 188.
  28. ^ Rodrigues 1999, p. 189.
  29. ^ Mamiani 1698, p. 2.

Bibliography

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